Organic chemistry 2 (some families)

• Only has single bonds
• 3d in shape
• Delocalized electrons

• Alkanes
• chloroalkanes
• alcohols

• Has triple or double bonds
• 2d
• bonds prevent rotation

• Alkenes
• alkynes
• esters
• carboxylic acids
• aldehydes

• not soluble in water (polar)
• soluble in non-polar solvents (cyclohexane)

solvents for removing oil and grease marks from machinery and in the dry cleaning of clothes

higher than alkanes due to polar c-cl bonds (extra energy)

CnH2n+1^OH

• aliphatic
• tetrahedral

• -OH ending
• (v-shaped)

where the carbon atom joined to the -OH group is attached to only one other carbon

where the carbon atom joined to the -OH is attached to two other carbon atoms

where the carbon atom joined by the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms

alcohols released from sugars

It renders a substance unfit for purpose without destroying the usefulness of applications of the substance

zymase. catalyzes the reaction

• methanol
• methylated spirits

higher than alkanes due to polar group (-OH)

that gives rise to hydrogen bonding

decreases with longer chains

CnH2n+1CHO

-al

at the end of the chain

due to the fact that hydrogen bonding takes place between the O atom of the carbonyl group and an H atom of a water molecule

decreases with the length of carbon chains

longer chains soluble in cyclohexane (organic solvent)

used as a preservative

lower than alcohols (no hydrogen bonding)

C=O

• higher than alkanes polar +C=O-
• lower than alcohols

short-chain soluble in water due to a polar carbonyl group

long-chain ketones are soluble in non-polar solvents

• r
•   c=O
• r

CnH2nOO

-OIC acid

• O
•                            =
•                            C
•                        R      OH

short-chain soluble in water  (COOH)

long-chain soluble in organic solvents

• Higher than alcohols
•  O=C C=OH

a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule such as water

esterification

the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol

a separation process used to isolate compounds at temperatures below their decomposition temperatures. It is carried out by bubbling steam through the material and distilling off the immiscible liquids

that a mixture of two immiscible liquids boils at a temperature that is below that of the boiling point of each of the individual liquids. The hot mixture of water vapor (from the steam) and oil (from the plant) is passed through a condenser and the distillate that is collected contains a mixture of water and oil

Liquids that do not mix with each other, they do not dissolve in each other

a dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another liquid in which it is not soluble