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What is science?
a search for understanding of and explanations for natural phenomena through careful observation and experimentation
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What is an accumulation of knowledge about nature and the physical world?
Science
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What is the practical application of knowledge by which humans modify the materials of nature to better satisfy their needs and wants?
Technology
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What is technology?
The application of knowledge for practical purposes
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What is chemistry?
the area of knowledge that deals with the behavior of matter and how it interacts with other matter and with some forms of energy
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What is the study of the behavior of matter and of how it interacts with other matter and with energy?
chemistry
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What is alchemy?
a primative form of chemistry that originated in the Arab world that mixed chemistry and magic practiced during the Middle Ages
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What is a mixture of chemistry and magic that searched for a "philosopher's stone" that would turn cheaper metals into gold and for an elixir that would bring eternal life?
Alchemy
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How did alchemists contribute to chemistry?
they discovered many new chemical substances and perfected techniques such as distillation and extraction
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What is green chemistry?
An approach that uses materials and processes that are intended to prevent or reduce pollution at its source
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Why is green chemistry important?
because it uses materials and processes that are intended to prevent or reduce pollution at its source
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What is a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation of observations that can be tested by experiment
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What is a summary of experimental data often expressed in the form of a mathematical equation?
scientific law
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What is a scientific model?
a representation of an invisible process that uses tangible items or pictures
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What is a risk?
any hazard that can lead to injury or loss
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What is a benefit?
anything that promotes well-being or has a positive effect
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What are some risks and benefits in driving cars?
- Benefits: rapid, convenient transport
- Risks: can cause injury or death in a traffic accident and can cause pollution and climate change
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How do you find the desirability quotient?
by dividing the benefits by the risks (benefits/risks)
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What is applied research?
an investigation aimed at creating a useful product or solving a particular problem
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What is basic research?
the search for knowledge for its own sake
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What makes basic research distinct from applied research?
basic research has the absence of any predictable, marketable product and are typically applied at a later time
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What is the difference between mass and weight?
The mass of an object doesn't vary with location but weight does because it measures the force of attraction between a planet and the mass in question
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What is weight?
a measure of the force of attraction between Earth (or another planet) and an object
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What is mass?
a measure of the inertia of an object; a measure of its amount of matter
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What is a physical property?
a quality of a substance that can be demonstrated without changing the composition of the substance
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What is a chemical property?
a characterstic of a substance that, when observed causes new types of matter with different compositions to be formed
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What is a physical change?
A change in physical appearance of matter without changing its chemical identity or composition
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What is a chemical change?
A chemical reaction; a change in chemical composition
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In a ___ change, at least one substance in the original matter is replaced by one or more new substances.
chemical
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What is are characteristics of a solid?
maintains its shape and volume regardless of its location
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What are characteristics of a liquid?
has a definite volume but assumes the shape of the portion of a container that it occupies
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What are characteristics of a gas?
maintains neither shape nor volume
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What is a substance?
a sample of matter that always has the same composition, no matter how it is made or where it is found; an element or compound
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What is a mixture?
a variable composition of two or more substances
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What is a homogenous mixture?
a mixture that is completely uniform; all parts of the mixture have the same composition
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
a mixture in which different parts of the mixture have different compositions
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What are two types of substances?
element and compound
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What is an element?
a substance composed of atoms that have the same number of protons
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What is a compound?
a substance made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
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How many known elements are there?
118
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What is an atom?
The smallest characteristic part of an element
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What is a molecule?
a group of atoms bound together as a unit
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What is the smallest characteristic part of most compounds?
molecule
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What is the conversion from inches to centimeters?
1in = 2.54 cm
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What is the bridge between English and Metric systems of measurement?
inches to centimeters
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What is the conversion from miles to feet?
1 mile = 5280 ft
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What is the conversion from gallons to Liters?
1 gal = 3.785 L
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What is the conversion from milliLiters to cubic centimeters?
1cm3 = 1mL
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What unit is commonly used to measure length?
meter (m)
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What unit is commonly used to measure mass?
kilogram (kg)
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What unit is commonly used to measure time?
second (s)
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What unit is commonly used to measure temperature?
kelvin (K)
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What unit is commonly used to measure the amount of substance?
mole (mol)
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What unit is commonly used to measure electric current?
ampere (A)
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What unit is commonly used to measure luminous intensity?
candela (Cd)
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What summarizes large amounts of scientific data and provides descriptions of natural phenomena?
scientific laws
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What is the study of matter and its changes?
Chemistry
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What is anything that has mass and volume?
matter
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What is the measure of the amount of matter in an object?
mass
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What is the measure of the gravitational force on the matter in an object?
weight
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What are examples of physical properties?
color, mass, weight, etc.
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What are examples of chemical properties?
rust, burning, tarnishing, explosions, toxic, inert (doesn't react with anything)
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______ are composed of one type of atom.
elements
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_____ are made of two or more elements chemically combined.
compounds
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______ are physical blends of two or more substances.
mixtures
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What are the metric system measurements? What do they measure?
meter - length, gram - weight, liter - capacity
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What is the formula to calculate density?
d = m/v
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What is the formula to calculate mass?
m =d(v)
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What is the formula to calculate volume?
v = m/d
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What is heat?
the energy that is transferred from hotter objects to cooler objects
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What is temperature?
the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules that make up an object
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How is heat measured?
in calories or joules
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What is the conversion from calories to joules?
1 cal = 4.184 J
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What is the conversion from calories to a food calorie?
1 cal = 1000 Cal (kcal)
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What is energy transferred from one thing to another?
Heat
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At what degree Celsius does water freeze and boil?
freezes at 0; boils at 100
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At what degree Fahrenheit does water freeze and boil?
freezes at 32; boils at 212
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What is Kelvin's freezing and boiling point of water?
freezing 273.15; boiling 373.15
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How can use test and validate a claim?
- Falsifiability
- Logical
- Replicability
- Sufficiency
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What is the prefix and symbol for 106?
mega (M)
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?What is the prefix and symbol for 103?
kilo (k)
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What is the prefix and symbol for 102?
hecto (h)
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What is the prefix and symbol for 101?
deka (da)
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What is the symbol and prefix for 10-1?
deci (d)
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What is the symbol and prefix for 10-2?
centi (c)
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What is the prefix for 10-3?
milli (m)
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What is the prefix and symbol for 10-6?
micro (μ)
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