Dev Psych Test

• individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stressful life events
• anything that works as a buffer to mitigate stress
• mitigate the effects of stress, toxic stress and adverse experiences

individuals ability to avoid risks or hazards and promote social and emotional competence to thrive in all aspects of life now and in the future.

• 1. Adolescent connectedness
• 2. Parent engagement in schools
• 3. Positive Parenting practices
• 4. Resources 
• 5. School Connectedness

• the ability to overcome serious hardships/challenges
• progress after a setback
• how to respond and cope

Biological predispositions + Life Events/Stressors over Social supports

• Factors that cause stress
• Make an individual more vulnerable to stress and less resilient in recovering from adversity

Genetics determines how resilient you are and if you are more sensitive to negative experiences

• 1. Individual/internal
• 2. Social/Family
• 3. Contextual/Environmental

qualities are intelligence, agreeableness, optimism, problem solving, esteem and self efficacy

Secure infant attachment to caregiver, access to a supportive adults, supportive parenting, parental harmony, pro-social behavior

safe neighborhoods, quality of schools, access to after-school programs, supportive extended family, successful school experiences, positive mentors

• physical
• language
• cognitive
• social emotional
• morality

children are actively involved in their own growth and development

personal qualities and attributes influence engagement with environment

Formation of internal organization

child's attainments are characterized by steady, small advances in thinking, language social behavior etc.

• Children progress through a series of unique developmental accomplishments resulting from fundamental re-organizing in abilities
• Development is marked by qualitative differences in thought, perception, language etc. at different stages

An active child is actively exploring the environment being a part of what is going on around them.

A child that just responds to the environment and does not contribute in exploration

time when a child is particularly receptive to certain kinds of environmental experiences. Given the high level of receptivity, this is an ideal time for learning

time span, also referred to as the optimal or sensitive period, during which certain events or experiences must occur in order for the development of an organism to proceed normally.

A variable that increases one's ability to avoid or cope with negative outcomes despite a risk for psychopathology

Protective factors are characteristics statistically associated with a decrease in the vulnerability to a health risk. Resilience is the ability of individuals to remain healthy even in the presence of risk factors.

predisposition, stress, exploitation

physical, cognitive, and emotional vulnerabilities to a particular disorder

environmental conditions that require energy for adaptation

social stress that affects particular groups.

Believes that attachment developed as a result of an innate tendency to signal caregiver and the caregivers corresponding predisposition to respond to these signals. Fundamental need with a biological basis

the process by which an infant's bids for care and attention become focused on a small number of preferred individuals.

mother, father, siblings

suggested attachment and exploratory behavior systems operate in tandem. attachment is the basis for confident exploration

cross cultural support for attachment theory (U.S vs Uganda). Strange situations experiment. supported classification of 4 types of attachment

• 1. provide sense of security
• 2. regulation of affects and arousal
• 3. expression of feelings and communication
• 4. basis for exploration of the environment

Harry Harlow and Mary ainsworth

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

6 months to 2 years

• Group A- Insecure-avoidant attachment
• Group B- Secure 
• Group C- insecure-ambivalent/resistant attachment
• Group D- insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

an anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited

The type of attachment indicated by the infant's confusion when the mother leaves and returns in the Ainsworth strange situation procedure. The infant acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it.

physical, cognitive, motor, emotional

Reactive attachment disorder a trauma-related disorder characterized by inhibited, avoidant social behaviors and reluctance to seek or respond to attention or nurturing

• Some genetic influences are expressed early in development others are expressed later
• Favorable and unfavorable environment can change gene expression
• Genetic influences are very malleable and responsive to the social environment

an emerging area of scientific research that shows how environmental factors influence children's experiences actually affect the expression of their genes

• 1. passive genotype-environment correlation
• 2. evocative (reactive) genotype
• 3. Active (selective) genotype

• association between the genotype a child imherits from his or her parents and the environment in which the child is raised.
• Here we cannot determine what determines child's behavior if it is genetic or rearing process bc of the confound variable of parents providing both the environment and the genes.

• association between the individual's genetically influenced behavior and other's reactions to that behavior. 
• ex. happier babies receive more social stimulation than passive infants

• the association between an individuals genetic propensities and the environmental niches that individual selects
• selecting people and groups based on environments we find compatible with ours 
• niche picking