BIO 41 CHAP 3 Questions

By themselves, these Building Blocks of life are inanimate......

Self-Contained structure built of Organic Molecules;

-Can Replicate itself & Uses energy to maintain its complex organization

"Every living thing is composed of one or more Cells; Smallest Unite of life; Came form a preexisting cell"

Describe this organism cell group:
All Members of Plant & Animal Kingdoms are Multicellular!

Instrument that opened eyes of scientific world to existence of cells was invented in last quarter of 16th century

Magnification is replaced by visible light with streams of Electrons

Can produce detailed views of smallest organelles, such as individual ribosome; electron beams pass thru thin section to form detailed image

Electron microscope moves an electron beam back & forth across specimen to generate 3-dimensional view of its surface

smallest form of bacteria

Most cells are small because ...

Interior Cells dedicated to Reproduction; Multicellular ORGANISM (Eukaryotic); has more space for storing nutrients like phosphorus; 
Outer ring of cells are small, photosynthesize, & have whiplike structures (fagella) that lash about to move organism closer to light at pond surface

Consists of interdependent group of cells that are genetically identical because they arose from single cell; Have diff cell TYPES, ea. Specialized for particular jobs

Bilayer of Phospholipids enclosing & concentrating raw materials; Key characteristic to Every Cell

Colorless mix compromising living part of the cell which is made up of ion, amino acid, monosaccharide, & water molecules
&  Found in Cytoplasms, Nucleus, & other Organelles

2 Major Subdivisions of Protoplasm

Aqueous interior Supporting & Protecting all Organelles within it

Thick fluid in Cytoplasm that is composed of a multitude of ions and biomolecules mixed in water

Vital structures embedded, or adrift, in cytosol; perform unique functions in cell

Main Functions of Plant Cell Wall

Chem. Compound very abundant in Cell Walls

List 2 economic uses of Plant Cell Walls

Sites of Protein-Synthesis; Not Membrane-Bound

Membrane-spanning proteins; assists import/export of substances; Some form tunnels that allow passage of selected ions & molecules

Act as sites for signal perception (Communication system); Generally binds specific type of signaling molecule. When it docks on its target receptor, it triggers change in cellular activity
Ex: Insulin binds to receptor, cell STEPS UP its import of glucose

Main link between cell & its extracellular neighborhood; Attaches only to a particular cell type or to an ECM with particular chemical composition

Dense mat of Biomolecules deposited on outside surface of cells

Transmembrane Adhesion Proteins that tether skin cells to an ECM made mostly of collagen

List the organisms that are Prokaryotic

List the organisms that are Eukaryotic

List similar & different structures in Cells of Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes

MOST ABUNDANT Protein in Human Body?

Bilayer of Phospholipids enclosing Cytoplasm & concentrating raw materials

Makes ribosomal subunits from protein & RNA = rRNA

Carries the hereditary information; also are fibers that package long DNA into compact shape

Transport/Export Prep; Produces lipids & Detoxification of Toxic Compounds, "Liver"

Transport/Export Prep; Produces proteins & Ribosomes make protein

Carts; Sacs that move material between cellular compartments inside or from Golgi Apparatus to Plasma Membrane

Sorting Station; Enzymes modify molecules received (label); take proteins/lipids (ship) to final destination outside or inside cell

[In Animal Cells] Junkyard/Recycling Center; Degrades biomolecules (Lipids/Protein---Fatty Acids, Amino acids & sugars) regardless of pH & releases subunits into Cytoplasm for Reuse

[In Animal & Plant Cells] Junkyard/Recycling + Storage Unit for Ions & Water Soluable Molecules (Calcium Ions, Sugars, Colorful Pigments)

Power Plant; Glucose + Oxygen O2 (Process of Cellular Respiration) ==> ATP Energy; Releasing CO2 & Water; Contains circular DNA; Depends on constant supply of Oxygen

Light Energy ==> Glucose "sugars" (Photosynthesis); Contains Chlorophyll "light absorbing pigments"

Cytoskeleton is a network of protein cylinders & filaments which...

3 Cytoskeleton Base Components

Hollow cylinders of protein that help------ Position Organelles, Move Transport Vesicles & Other Organelles; form cilia & flagella, & Generate FORCE in cell projections like cilia or flagella; Thickest base component

provide mechanical reinforcement & structural support; multistranded like rope

generates crawling movements which INVOLVES dramatic change in cell shape; lengthening & shortening in either direction thru RAPID disassembly/assembly of plasma membrane at leading & trailing edges of cell;
THINNEST Base Component

Cellulose jacket surrounding protoplasm of plant cell

Important in animal cell division

Function of Root Epidermis

Structures that propel Paramecium like rowboat

whiplike structures that propel bacteria, archaeans, sperm cells of some plants & animals/protists

"Mitochondria & Chloroplasts evolved from Prokaryotes that lived as Symbionts inside larger cells. Both of these Organelles contain their own circular piece of DNA similar to that of Prokaryotic cells"

Houses Nucleolus; DNA & RNA Storage; Has Nuclear pores which allows free passage to ions & small molecules, but has selective transport of larger molecules like proteins

Each DNA double helix is one

This cargo in the Transport Vesicle is EMBEDDED in Membane; Lipids & Hydro. Proteins

This material in the Transport Vesicle is INSIDE Lumen of Membane; Carbohydrates & Hydro. Proteins

All of these structures of the cell have single membranes except for....

Keeps plant cell plumped up the way air pressure in an inner tube keeps car tire inflated. Loss of this leads to droopy appearance of houseplants that have gone too long without water

Universal Cellular Fuel

During this process, Water molecules are broken down, releasing Oxygen Gas (O2). Oxygen produced SUSTAINS LIFE for us & many life-forms

Which structures are found in PLANT cells, but NOT in ANIMAL cells?

Which structures are found in ANIMAL cells, but NOT in PLANT cells?

Acid removes what part of the bone?

What does acid-soaked bone look like?

Heating removes what part of the bone?

What does heated bone look like?

What's the function of Calcium salts in bone?

What's the function of the organic matierial (Collagen) in bone?

Contains blood vessels & nutrients for bone

Compact bone tissue surrounding central canal in Osteon

Contains bone-producing cells called Osteocytes

Connects blood vessels w/ small canals

COMPLETE SENTENCE: All organisms are formed from one or more ____. These self-contained & self-replicating structures are built of ________ molecules, & their complexity is maintained by ________.

COMPLETE SENTENCE: ______ synthesize Proteins, but not until they're in Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

It depends which DNA the cell converts to RNA due to the _______ the nucleus receives from Cytoplasm & outside environment

The _____ membrane of Mitochondria is selectively permeable like plasma membrane

The reason for high surface area in Inner Mitochondrial membrane has more to do with efficiency of ________ __________.

True or False: CELLS of Multi-cellular Organisms are much larger than CELLS of single-celled organisms.
True False

The plasma membrane is a pretty stable structure that is maintained by a variety of _______ bonds

True or False: Surface area if plasma membrane limits rate of exchange between cytoplasm and environment
True False

Lipids & proteins that form Plasma Membrane often have Carbohydrates attached to them. Carbohydrates help determined which cells are ______ vs. those that are non-_____.

Only eukaryotic flagellum is surrounded by ________.

True or False: Lysosomes do NOT have membrane with high surface area.
True False