What are the parasites that can cause eosinophilia?
Necator americanus
Schistosoma
Which is the worm that enters the body through feet? What stage does it infect human?
Necator americanus
Filariform are infectious, nonfeeding larvae
T/F: Necator americanus secretes anticoagulant which could cause iron deficiency anemia
True
Common geographic distribution for Necator americanus?
Southern united states
Tropics region worldwide
Which hookworm infection can lead to clinical presentation of weakness, pallor, microcytic anemia and a “ground itch”
Necator americanus
Eosinophilia with pneumonia is usually seen with _____ infection
Necator americanus
Reservoir for Necator americanus is _________, reservoir for schistosoma is ________
Human and soil (Necator)
Snail (schistosoma)
Most of the pathologic findings for Schistosoma is caused by ______, which can induce _______
Eggs in liver, spleen or wall of gut or bladder
Granulomas
Portal hypertension, fibrosis and splenomegaly is seen with _____ infection
Schistosoma
Swimmers itch is due to ____ infection, and it is indicative with this condition ______.
Schistosoma
Immediate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
T/F: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity is associated with Necator americanus infection
False; this is a/w schistosoma
Necator americanus is a/w iron deficiency anemia
Which immunoglobulin do Eosinophils bind?
IgG or IgE
How are eosinophils toxic to parasites?
Degranulation and fuse intracellular granules with parasite membranes – releasing major basic proteins
Eosinophils contain this protein that is toxic to parasites:
Major Basic Protein
Which helper T cell responses are important for stimulating the production of antibody?
Th 2 tells B cells to grow into plasma cells to make antibodies
Interleukins produced by TH2 cells? And functions of those:
IL3- proliferation and differentiation of mast cells
IL4- also mast cells stimualation but in addition, induces differentiation NAÏVE HELPER T CELL and induction of B cells to switch from IgG to IgE (IgE production
IL5- stimulate B cell to grow and make more immunoglobulins (usually IgA), key in eosinophil activation
Which Interleukin is important in IgE production? Which is key to eosinophil activation?
IgE- IL 4
Eosinophils – IL5
Species that causes lymphatic filariasis (all nematodes):
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
Vector for Wuchereria?
Mosquito – deposit infective nematodes larae on skin
Wuchereria: ______ penetrates the skin, enter a lymph node, after _______ (time), larvae mature to adults that produce _____. Adult form can live to ____ Years
Larvae (L3)
1 year
Microfilariae
10
T/F: microfilariae circulate the blood during the day
False; they circulate at night- so must take blood samples at night to see otherwise no bueno
T/F: humans are the only definitive hosts for wuchereriae
True
Which stage of larvae is the infectious for Wuchereria?
L3 larvae
T/F: elephantiasis caused by Wuchereria is often seen unilaterally
False; bilateral
T/F: tourists infected with Wuchereria for the first time develop elephathiasis after 1 year
False; they don’t, elephathiasis occurs in those who are repeatedly infected over a long time, although it is true that it takes about 1 year for symptoms to manifest
Hydrocoele (fibrosis of genital), is due to __________, caused by ________
Lymph node obstruction
Wuchereria
What is Wolbachia?
A Gr-Negative Rickettsia-like bacteria living in the Wuchereria worms
Wolbachia virulence factors:
Releases endotoxin—contributes to inflammation
Intracellular – symbiotic relationship with Wuchereria worms
What can kill Wolbachia?
Doxycycline- can reduce number of microfilariae and inflammation
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is related to this parasite:
Wuchereria
Coughing and wheezing at night, with microfilariae seen in the lung
Which drug is effective against microfilariae of wuchereria? How do you kill the adults
Diethylcarbamazine
Cant kill them adults
Brugia can be found in these two regions:
Malaysia (B. malayi)
Tiny island near Australia – East Timor (B. timori)
_____ species’ microfilariae have sheaths on both ends, while ____ only has sheath on one end
Brugia
Wuchereria
Reservoir of Brugia:
Cats and monkey
Diagnostic stage of Brugia _____, infective stage of Brugia______
Dx: microfilariae in blood
Infective: L3 larvae
(just like wuchereria)
Vector for Brugia?
Mosquito (just like wuchereria)
What is the vector for lymphatic filariasis nematodes?
