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The science of ______ literally means "study of Earth."
Geology
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The _____ suggest that the bodies of the solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
nebular hypothesis
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The age of Earth is approximately ______
4.5 billion years
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The global ocean covers nearly ___ percent of Earth's surface.
71
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Loosely defined, a ___ can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole
system
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True or False:
Earth consists of four major spheres: hydroshpere, atmosphere, solid earth, and ecosphere.
False
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_____ resources can be replenished over relatively short time spans.
renewable
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which of the following is not directly part of the physical environment?
human activities
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An understanding of Earth is essential for....
- A. minimizing the effects of natural hazards.
- B. dealing with the human impact on the engironment.
- C. the location and recovery of basic resources
- D. All of the above
-
Everything that surrounds and influences and organism is best described as
environment
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The dynamic movement of water by evaporation and precipitation are part of what sphere?
hydrosphere
-
The outer crust of Earth is known as the
lithosphere
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When isotopes are unstable they can spontaneously disintegrate through a process called _____
radioactive decay
-
Which one of the following statements concerning minerals is not true?
- A. solid
- B. naturally occurring
- C. organic
- D. definite chemical structure
-
The cleavage of a mineral is described by _____
the number and angles of the planes of the breakage
-
The nucleus of an atom contains ______
protons and neutrons
-
Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element with different numbers of ____
neutrons
-
Minerals are composed of ______
elements
-
Some of the properties of minerals would include ______
- A. Streak
- B. Hardness
- C Magnetism
- D. All of the above
-
True or False:
An ion is an atom that has gain or lost an electron
True
-
Atoms of the same element possess the same number of ____
Protons
-
True or False:
Only 10 elements compose the bulk of the rock-forming minerals in the earth's crust.
False. 8 elements.
-
A "native" element such as copper would be classfied as a ______
nonsilicate mineral
-
True or False:
Metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit are known as ores.
True
-
The rock cycle shows the interrelationship among ______
the 3 major rock types
-
Igneous Rocks form from _____ within the earth
magma
-
The size of the crystal formation in an igneous rock is an indication of _____
how long it took the rock to cool
-
True or False:
Sedimentary rocks from from cooling magma.
False
-
Rock outcrops on Earth's surface consist of ___ % of sedimentary rocks.
75%
-
Sedimentary rocks are important to geological dating because they often contain ____
fossils
-
An example of a chemical sedimentary rock would be ___
limestone
-
Metamorphic rocks form from which type of rocks?
- A. Igneous
- B. Sedimentary
- C. Metamorphic
- D. All of the above
-
Two of the most important metamorphic agents are ____
heat and pressure
-
An example of a foliated metamorphic rock would be ____
gneiss
-
When magma reached the earth's surface, it is known as ____
lava
-
True or False:
The process of breaking down rock into sediment is known as weathering
True
-
Breaking of rock or fragmentation is part of _______
Mechanical Weathering
-
The most important chemical weathering agent is ____
water
-
Which type of the following does not determine the rate of weathering?
biological activity
-
True or False:
The terms "weathering" and "erosion" are interchangeable.
False.
- Weathering is the break down of rocks.
- Erosion is the transport of the break down
-
Which of the following processes contributes to the breakdown of rock materials?
- A. weathering
- B. mass wasting
- C. erosion
- D. All of these
-
After a series and freezing and thawing events, rock may be broken into pieces in a process called ___
frost wedging
-
____ is the interface in the earth system
soil
-
the most influential control of soil formation is ______
time
-
soils often contain variations and vertical differences observed as general zones or layers called _____
horizons
-
The rapid movement of material along a curved surface on an overstepened slope is _____
slump
-
The slowest movement of soil and regolith downhill, often characterized by tilting fences is _____
creep
-
What is the most important agent sculpting Earth's land surface?
moving water
-
The lowest point to which a stream can erode is ______
base level
-
THe ultimate base level is ____
sea level
-
Streams can ______
- A. Transport material
- B. Cause erosion
- C. ground level
- D. All of these
-
Rapids and water falls are found in waht type of stream valley?
v-shaped
-
features of a floodplain include all of the following except _____
rapids
-
the largest reservoir of fresh water that is available to humans is ____
groundwater
-
Water soaks into the ground througha process known as ____
inflitration
-
_____ is the upper limit of the zone of saturation
water table
-
Well pumping can form ____ in the water table
a cone of depression
-
Karst topography can include a serious geologic hazard called a ______
sinkhole
-
Which of the following is not a problem associated with groudwater?
not enough runoff
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