retains biconcave shape but disc becomes elliptical (Stretched)
What is the difference between echinocyte and acanthocyte?
echinocytes have small regular spaced projections while acanthocytes have large irregular spaced large projections
T/F: sickle shaped is classified as poikilocyte, along with basically all other morphologies
True
T/F: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, reproduce in red blood cells, so carriers of thalassemia (decreased synthesis of globin) are protected against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Basically, mutation of membrane metabolism or protein of red blood cell helps protect against malaria.
True
Biconcave shape of red blood cells corresponds with ______ surface to volume ratio. How does this affect gas exchange, and flow through vasculature?
Increased; this enhances efficient gas exchange and flow through arteries by providing more flexibility especially for when blood travels to the spleen
T/F: Spherocytes have the highest possible surface to volume ratio
False; spherocytes have the least possible surface to volume ratio and it is not flexible at all, will lyse if distorted
What are the two layers that make up the RBC membrane?
Lipid bilayer containing phospholipid and cholesterol
Flexible fibrous protein meshwork composed of spectrin
What links the two layers of RBC membrane together?
ankyrin complex and 4.1 complex (aka actin or junctional complex) anchor the lipid and spectrin layers together
Spectrin contains many repeats which are in _____ bundles. There is alpha and beta spectrin connect in a head-to-tail orientation in the middle where beta spectrin ___ terminal binds to ___ terminal of alpha spectrin
Triple helical
Beta- C terminal
Alpha -N terminal
Spectrin dimers are ____ (polarity), spectrin tetramers are ____ (polarity)
Polar
Apolar
Ends of spectrin tetramer building blocks are linked together by _______ complexes by interacting with ____ to form ___ lattice
4.1 to junctional
Actin
Hexagonal
Which is the most prevalent membrane protein in a red blood cell and what does it do?
Band 3 is the most prevalent, it is an anion exchanger aka AE
Ankyrin binds to Band3 tetramers to link beta spectrin to ankyrin complexes and thereby the lipid bilayer
What is the function of protein 4.1?
Protein 4.1 and actin together stabilize and link spectrin tetrameric junctions to the Band3 dimers (in the lipid bilayer) in junctional complexes
What is the function of ankyrin?
Anchors beta spectrin to ankyrin complex
Where can proteins 4.1 and 4.2 be foud?
Protein 4.2 can be found in both complexes (ankyrin and junctional) = think 2 for BOTH complex
Protein 4.1 anchors spectrin junctions to actin in just one complex= think 1 for just one complex
Hereditary spherocytosis is _______ linking, meaning the mutation interferes with:
Vertical (spherical shape cell, so think the cell get elongated up-down direction); mutation interferes with protein lattice to the lipid bilayer, causing the membrane to separate from the spectrin skeleton but does not interfere with th overall structure of the spectrin skeleton
Hereditary elliptocytosis is _____ linking, meaning the mutation interferes with:
Horizontal linking (elliptical shape, so think the rbc getting stretched to the sides); mutation causes spectrin skeleton to break apart, but leaves the lattice attach to the membrane
Which hereditary RBC morphological change affect ankyrin and band3?
Hereditary spherocytosis
T/F: failure to link spectrin skeleton to the lipid bilayer allows for loss of lipids by vesiculation leading to spherocytes
true
Spherocytes (lack/ does not lack) central pallor, and it is (hyperchromic/ hypochromic)
Lack central pallor
Hyperchromic (tiny solid red ball)
T/F: Hereditary elliptocytosis biconcave shape stays because the spectrin skeleton is still linked to the lipid bilayer, unlike in hereditary spherocytosis where the linkage is disrupted
True
Hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis fall under which category of anemia?
Normocytic, specifically hemolytic anemia- this is because the MCV is still within normal limits, just there is more destruction of these stupidly shaped cells causing anemia
