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how much is a standard drink of alcohol
14g
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two ways of producing alcohol
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how is alcohol absorbed
through simple diffusion
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3 things alcohol absorption depends on
- rate of stomach emptying
- intake of certain drugs
- type of beverage consumed
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how much alcohol does a normal liver metabolize per hour
5-7 g/her of ethanol
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what are the 3 pathways to metabolize alcohol
- alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
- microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
- catalase pathway
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which pathway metabolizes low to moderate intake of alcohol & how
- alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
- in liver and stomach cells
- requires alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to form acetyl coA which yields fatty acids
- products = fatty acids
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what pathways metabolize moderate to excessive intakes of alcohol & how
- MEOS - in cytosol of liver, uses energy, reduces body's ability to detoxify drugs
- Catalase - in peroxisomes of liver, minor pathway
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how does body develop tolerance to alcohol
as alcohol intake increases, MEOS becomes more active + more efficient metabolism of alcohol= greater tolerance
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how does intoxication and alcohol poisoning occur
when rate of metabolism is lower than consumption, causing blood alcohol levels to rise
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what is binge drinking
- >4 drinks for women
- >5 drinks for men
- on a single occasion
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benefits of alcohol intake
- stress relief
- lower risk of CVD
- lowers LDL, raises HDL
- lower platelet aggregation/clotting
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risks of excessive alcohol intake
- brain + heart damage
- high BP
- cirhhosis of the liver = fatty infiltration of the liver in response to increases synthesis of fat from acetyl-coA production
- scar tissue
- ascites - abnormal fluid retention in the abdomen
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when is alcohol damage highest during pregnancy
first 12-16 weeks because that is when the greatest rate of fetal organ growth occurs
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what is FAS
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- signs - facial deformation, mental retardation, impaired CNS function
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what is alcohol abuse
- a pattern of drinking and:
- failing to fulfill responsibilities
- drinking in physically dangerous situations
- reoccurring legal problems due to alcohol
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what is alcohol dependency
- aka alcoholism
- chronic disorder, cravings to drink, loss of control when started
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