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Tidal Volume
(Vt)
- Volume of air delivered per breath
-
- (4-8 ml/kg)
-
Rate
(F)
How many times a minute a patient breathes.
(12-18 /min)
-
Minute Volume
(Ve)
How much air is breathed by the patient in 1 minute.
(F x Vt) ... (4-8 L/min)
-
Inspiratory: Expiratory Ratio
(I:E)
Ratio of inspiration to expiration. Takes twice as long to exhale then it does to inhale.
(1:2)
-
Fraction of inspired Oxygen
(FiO2)
- Oxygen concentration being inspired.
- (0.21 - 1.0)
-
Positive End Expiratory Pressure
(PEEP)
Helps keep alveoli open to help diffuse O2.
(5 cm/H2O)
-
Peak Inspiratory Pressure
(PIP)
Amount of resistance to overcome the ventilator circuit, any appliances, the ETT, and the main airway.
(< 35 cm/H2O)
-
Plateau Pressure
(Pplat)
The pressure applied during positive pressure ventilations to the small airways and alveoli. Alveolar compliance.
(< 30 cmH2O)
-
Controlled Mandatory Ventilation
(CMV)
All breaths are triggered, limited, and cycled by the ventilator. Pt has NO control.
-
Assist-Control Ventilation
(AC)
Ventilator supports every breath, whether its initiated by the pt or the vent. Every breath has full tidal volume. Can result in breath stacking (auto-PEEP).
-
Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
(SIMV)
Assisted mechanical ventilation synchronized with the patient’s breathing and preset intervals. Does not give full tidal volume by pt, just enough to assist. Best for intact respiratory drives.
-
Pressure Support Ventilation
(PSV)
Makes it easier for the patient to overcome the resistance of the ETT and is often used during weaning because it reduces the work of breathing. Pt controls tidal volume and rate.
-
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
(CPAP)
The use of continuous positive pressure to maintain a continuous level of PEEP.
-
Bi-Level Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BPAP)
Uses alternating levels of PEEP to maintain oxygenation through pressure support during inhalation and exhalation, commonly used in pneumonia, COPD, and asthma.
-
DOPES Vent Alarm Mnemonic
- Dislodged - Low pressure alarm
- Obstructed - High pressure alarm
- Pneumothorax - High pressure alarm
- Equipment - Machine Failure
- Stacked Breaths - High pressure alarm
-
Low Pressure Alarm Reasons
- Disconnection from machine (most common)
- Chest tube leaks
- Airway leaks
- Hypovolemia
-
High Pressure Alarm Reasons
- Kinked line (most common)
- Coughing
- Secretions or mucus in airway
- Pt biting the tube
- Reduced lung compliance
- Increased airway resistance
-
Patient - Ventilator Dyssynchrony
(PVD)
- Respiratory demands not being met
- Inadequate pain control
- Inadequate sedation
- Curare Cleft
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