2.yields an intermediate (more we are going to do) pyruvic acid that must be used or excreted as waste
3.it has created some reduced electron carries (NADH)
4.Oxygen is not used
5. Note:pyruvate is the same as pyruvic acid
Linking step to the Krebs cycle
1.Oxidized pyrubic acid to acetyl
2.Oxidation of the end carbon of pyruvic acid yields CO2 as waste; the oxidation of CO2 forces it to leave the rest of the compound
3.Aceyly is "small" so add a co-enzyme to yield Acetyl CoA
What is CoA?
CoA acts like a "label" so enzymes in Krebs can find acetyl
CoA is recycled
What is needed to yeild NADH's?
we need NAD+ (the oxidized form) for glycolysis to yield NADH
Describe the function of electron carries.
Get reduced in the reaction
When are electron carriers oxidized?
in the ETS
What are electron carries reduced?
When glucose is oxidized
The Krebs Cycle
1. Enzyme sequence that ends where is begins
2. Requires a carrier molecule (oxaloacetic acid) that can accept acetyl
3.Remaining carbons from glucose are completely oxidized to CO24. Reduction yield NADH's
5.Left side restores the carrier to orginial form
6.Left side has more ox/red's and yields reduced electron carries
**DON'T say right side oxidizes and light side reduces-BOTH oxidize**
*picture in notes
What have you got at the end of Krebs?
enzyme sequence ends where it started
CO2, Reduced electron carriers
ETS: electron transport system
10 Steps
1.Series of ox/ red reactions which uses molecules with reactive cneters
2.Example: cytochromes with iron as active center
3.NADH's drop off their e's and H+ here
4.This frees the NAD+ to return to the toerh pathways and be recycled
5.As electrons are past, the protons are being pushed into the mitochondrial space from which there is only one exit6.Chemiosmotic force "pumps" protons into intermembrane space
7.A strong electrochemical gradient is formed8.Oxygen is the terminal receptor in ETS and it gets the e's from the final cytochrome
9.As the H+ pass through the ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
10.Finally have generated alot of usable energy in the form of ATP
*picture in notes
Reduction of oxygen yields?
water
The substrate of glycolysis is
glucose
Pyruvic acid is the end product of
glycolysis
NAD+ is substrate for
it is not a substrate at all; it is a coenzyme
Cytochromes function is to
pass electrons to each other until they finally pass it to oxygen
its a downhill reaction
Anaerobic Ferminenation
when pyruvic acid is the "end of the road" whether due to lack of oxygen or lack of further enzymes in the organisms
What is the fate of pyruvic acid
7 things
1.Glycolysis requires the oxidized form of NAD+
2.At the end of glycolysis; you are stuck with reduced NADH's with no where to go
3.Need to oxidize the carries back to the NAD+ state
4.Pyruvic acid is a waste; can be reduced while NADH is oxidized
5.In humans product would be lactic acid
6.Remove as quickly as possible and take to liver
7.Used in gluconeogenesis
*picture in notes
Catabolic reaction to make glucose
break down of starch (in food) or glyogen (stored energy)
Break down of triglycerides
Beta oxidation
What happens in Beta oxidation
oxidize fatty acid chains by breaking chain into acetyl's
-can be twice the amount of ATP from fats than carbohydrates
takes several oxidations to do this
yeilds many NADH's
Beta oxidation marks acetyl's with CoA and feeds them into?
the Krebs cycle
What was the "theory" behind the Atkins's diet?
telling you body you have diabetes; you burn fat not carbs
What is the break down of protein into and used for?
break down of proteins into AA's and use as fuel
What does the break down of proteins into AA's used for?
Where is the location at?
Requires deamination of AA's: liver is location
Where do essential amino acids come from?
you get them from diet
What does glycogenesis?
glycogen from glucose
What does the glucose skeleton make?
Amino acids
What does lipogenesis form?
fatty acids from acetyl that came from glucose
How effective are amino acids supplements?
not effective- dont work unless you have a genetic disease
What are the dangerous side effects of supplements?