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Genomics
study of genomes
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cell
Thestructural, functional and biological unit of all organisms.
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plasma membrane
- The cell’s outer membrane made up
- of a two layers of phospholipids with
- embedded proteins
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DNA
- A double-stranded nucleic acid that
- contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function.
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Organelle
a specialized part of a cell having some specificfunction; a cell organ
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prokaryotic cell
cell lacking a true membrane-bound nucleus
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eukaryotic cell
a cell with a true nucleus; a cell with a nuclearmembrane and organelles
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Nucleus
The large, membrane-bounded organelle that contains the genetic material, in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes
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metabolism-
- the sum of the physical and chemicalprocesses in an organism by
- which its material substance isproduced, maintained, and destroyed,
- and by which energy ismade available
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homeostasis
a state of psychological equilibrium obtainedwhen tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.
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cilia and flagella
- hiplike appendages
- extend from the surface of many
- types of eukaryotic cell move
- liquid past the surface of the cell
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asexual reproduction
reproduction, as budding, fission, or spore formation, not involvingthe union of gametes
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sexual reproduction
reproduction involving the union of gametes
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adaptations
a form or structure modified to fit a changed environment
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reductionism
a procedure or theory that reduces complex data or phenomena to simple terms
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emergent property
a novel property that unpredictably comes from a combination of two simpler constituents
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atom
the smallest particle of an element
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molecule
The smallest particle into which an element or a compound can bedivided without changing its chemical and physical properties
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tissue
A large mass of similar cells that make up a part of an organism andperform a specific function.
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organ
A differentiated part of the body that contains cells and tissues a d performs a specific function
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organism
a form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes
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population
the organisms inhabiting a specific location
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community
A group of organisms or populations living and interacting with one another in a particular environment
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ecosystem
An ecological community together with its environment, functioning as a unit.
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biosphere
All the Earth's ecosystems considered as a single, self-sustaining unit.
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ecology
The study of the relationship between organisms and their environments
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gene
A segment of DNA, occupying a specific place on a chromosome,that is the basic unit of heredity
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protein
- Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon,
- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of chains of alpha-amino acids. cell
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signaling
part of a complex system of communication thatgoverns basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions
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hormone
- A substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the
- bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism.
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neurotransmitter
a chemical by which a nerve cell communicates with another nerve cell or with a muscle
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systematic
of or relating to the taxonomicclassification of organisms
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taxonomy
the science dealing with the description,identification, naming, and classification of organisms
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species
A group of organisms having many characteristics in common and ranking below a genus
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genus
the usual major subdivision of a family or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species.
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Binomial
a biological species name consisting of two terms
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species epithet
second word of a species Name (eg. Sapien from the species Homo Sapien)
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family
A group of organisms ranking above a genus and below an order. End in -ae
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order
A group of organisms ranking above a family and below a class
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.Class
a group, set, or kind marked by common attributes or a common attribute
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phylum-
the primary subdivision of a taxonomic kingdom,grouping together all classes of organisms that have thesame body plan
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kingdom
The highest classification into which living organisms are grouped inLinnean taxonomy, ranking above a phylum.
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Genome
Complete set of Genes in an organism
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domain-\
- A division of organisms that ranks above a kingdom insystems of classification that are based on shared similaritiesin DNA
- sequences rather than shared structural similarities. In these systems, there are three domains: the archaea, the bacteria, and the eukaryotes
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Taxon
A taxonomic category or group, such as a phylum, order, family,genus, or species.
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Eubacteria
spherical or rod shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales,characterized by simple, undifferentiated cells with rigid walls; truebacteria.
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Archaea
- Any of a group of microorganisms that resemble bacteria but are different from them in certain aspects
- of their chemical structure,such as the composition of their cell walls.
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Archaebacteria
a group of microorganisms now regardedas members of the Archaea
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Animalia
taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
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Fungi
Any of a wide variety of organisms that reproduce by spores,including the mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and mildews.
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Plantae
the taxonomic kingdom comprising all plants.
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Protista
a taxonomic kingdom comprising the protists
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evolution
The process by which species of organisms arise from earlierlife forms and undergo change over time through natural selection
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natural selection
The process by which organisms that are better suited to their environment than others produce more offspring.
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mutation
The act or process of being altered or changed
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gene pool
The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms
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cellular respiration
The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances
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producer
An autotrophic organism that serves as a source of food for otherorganisms in a food chain
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autotroph
An organism that manufactures its own food from inorganicsubstances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.
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photosynthesis
The process in green plants and certain other organisms by whichcarbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water usinglight as an energy source.
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consumer
A heterotrophic organism that feeds on other organisms in a foodchain.
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heterotroph
An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent upon complex organic substances for nutrition.
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decomposer
an organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down the cells of dead plants and animals into simpler substances.
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inductive reasoning
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
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experimental group
A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a control experiment.
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control group
any group used as a control in a statistical experiment
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theory
A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group offacts or phenomena
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