ochem mcat definitions

optical rotation of zero and equal mixture of two enantiomers

If all of the chiral centers are of opposite R/S configuration between two stereoisomers, they are _______.

If at least one, but not all of the chiral centers are opposite between two stereoisomers, they are _______.

A substance that is a single, pure enantiomer (i.e., has 100% ee) is called homochiral or optically pure.

A ________ is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereogenic centers, the molecule is not chiral. It is "superposable" on its mirror image.

In stereochemistry, an _____ is one of a pair of stereoisomers. The two isomers differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center.

If one enantiomer has a melting point of 80 the other will have _____

If one enantiomer has optical rotation of +45 degrees the other has ____

The process of separating two enantiomers is ______

Enantiomer A has an absolute configuration of R and optical rotation of +87, what is enantiomer B's absolute configuration and optical rotation?

A mixture of two racemic compounds will give a mixture of _____ stereoisomers?

Longer carbon chain means ______ hydrophobic

Higher retention factor means

IR:

Ester:
Alcohol: 
Ketone:
Alkene:
NH:
Carboxylic acid:
aldehyde C-H:

HNMR n + 1 rule

A signal will be neighboring carbon hydrogens plus 1. 

ex. doublet has one adjacent hydrogen + 1 to make doublet.

Whats the degrees of unsaturation formula and what two things count as degree of unsaturation?

SN2 reactions operate by 

____ order kinetics


1°>2°>3° reactivity sequence 


complete inversion of stereochemistry 

does it have rearrangement?

SN1 or SN2

____ depends on substrate concentration only (rate of leaving group loss.?

Depends on substrate concentration and concentration of nucleophile cuz it's one step_____

Both SN1 and SN2 depend of solvent and temperature.

SN2 reactions proceed ______ with increased steric hindrance/ substituent size.

SN1 reactions proceed ____ with increased steric hinderance/ substituent size.

alcohol --------> ester

-----> is ______

what compound has IR spectrum of 1735cm -1

strongest acid is one with strongest electron withdrawing group closest to molecule.

Cl > OH

LiAlH4 reduces acids (carboxylic acids) to _____

alcohol + carboxylic acid =

only primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids

proton between two carbonyl groups is highly acidic

The pI (isoelectric point) for enantiomers is _____

How to determine how many stereoisomers carbohydrates have, what formula?

Positive test for benedicts test would need a reducing sugar that had a ketone or aldehyde at first or last carbon to reduce copper and be oxidized in process.

If both ends have carboxylic groups it won't work

Meso compounds (achiral) must have how many chiral centers.

Base - Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine


Nucleosides:

Nucleotides:

monosaccharide forumula

Cholesterol plasma membrane buffer

At low temperatures, cholesterol _____ membrane fluidity
by preventing membrane lipids from packing close together.
At high temperatures, cholesterol ______ membrane fluidity.

how to look at aldol in your head:

the alpha proton becomes a double bond and you wipe off the ketone from the other molecule and attach there

reactants - pka 25

products - pka 35

which is favored?

John HIO biochemistry 

Hydrazone, Imine, Oxime, similar structure (NH2/NHR, R/H, OH)

Na2Cr2O7 / H2SO4, H2O (Jones) can oxidize _______ and _______


Tollens reagent can only oxidize _______

primary amine + ketone = _______

_________ 4n + 2 pi bonds

for aromaticity, n can be any integer

Steric number is ______

Beyonce at the VMF

what this mean?

Inductive effects on carboxylic acid derivatives making them more reactive is more electronegative atoms closer to carbonyl to give carbonyl a partial positive (EW)


Resonance stability (ED) to make things less reactive is having a resonance and no other competing resonance and also the carbonyl carbon and ED atom in same period.

ex- amide less reactive than carboxylic acid with OH because N is less electronegative than O and will be more willing to donate as oppose to withdraw it's electrons for resonance stability and N in same period as C also so good p orbital overlap.

coenzyme (non protein organic cofactor) binds apoenzyme (inactive) = ________

0 order units K _____

1st order ____

2nd order ____

3rd order _____

intermediate vs catalyst


reactant then on product side in next step ____


product side then reactant side in next step ____

Spontaneous or Non-Spontaneous and push reaction to right/products or left/reactants ?


K > Q
Q > K
K = Q

K > 1 
K < 1
K = 1

What's the 0th law of thermodynamics?

What's the 1st law of thermodynamics?

2nd law thermo?

expansion - work done by gas (-w)
compression - work done on gas (+w)

Combustion formula:

CxHy + O2 ---> ____CO2 + ____H2O

C5H12 ---->  _____ + ______

more stable trans both substituents equatorial (sideway not down which is axial)

more stable cis bulkier substituent equatorial

A catalyst that has a different phase (s, l, g) than the reactants it catalyzes is called _____

H2O + H2O = H3O+ is an example of _____

constant velocity = acceleration is zero

Newton 1st law ______

Newton 2nd law ______

Newton 3rd law ______

object keeps moving unless a force stops it from moving ______

F = ma (kg * m/s^2)

what is this?

When a force is applied there's an equal reaction of force in opposite direction opposing that force that's equal like for example with pushing a desk

_____ pressure is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to walls of the container

P1=P2
P = F/A
F1D1 = F2D2

Small force applied to small area over large distance provides a large force to a large area over a small distance
-------------------

SG of 0.2 means 20% object submerged in water

SG = weight of fluid displaced
SG > 1 MEANS _____

Poiseuille's law

Volume flow rate = ΔP*pi*R^4 / 8NL

N= Viscosity
L= length of tube

increase ΔP = increase volume flow rate

increase length of tube and viscosity = decrease volume flow rate

_____ water molecules attracted to each other

____ water molecules attracted to something else (like tube so meniscus)

* water level higher where fluid travels faster

formula for temp in C

formula for temp in F

Which has more pressure and less volume, real gas or ideal gas?

Ideal has operates under ____ temp and ___ pressure

electrostatic force = kq1q2/r^2

electric field = kQ/r^2

electric potential = kQ/r

resistivity = replay for formula

whats the formula?

what does increasing length do to resistance?

volmeter need huge resistance (ideally infinity) since hooked up in parallel and u want as much current to flow thru resistor and voltmeter in series would block current

ammeter hooked up in ____ because it has ___ resistance

Does increasing charge increase capacitance? 

increase capacitance by making pieces of metal _____

place piece of metal closer or further apart increase capacitance?

two formulas for energy stored in a capacitor


HINT: If you use C you can see (c) the V^2

with dielectric how you increase capacitance

with battery - increase charge

w/o battery decrease voltage

C = Q/V

right hand rule proton

left hand rule electron

thumb -
pointer -
middle finger -

less substituents = _____ heat of hydrogenation

substituents equal more steric hinderance = ______ heat of hydrogenation

similar changes in heat of hydrogenation and heat of combustion

______ enhance the RNA pol and promoter interaction during transcription

_____ located on the DNA chromosome; activators bind here and loop DNA to bring specific promoter to initiation complex to enhance transcription of genes. activator interacts with mediator complex to recruit RNA pol and general TFs.

TFs transcription factors bind to ____

_____ bind to silencers located on DNA strand

proto-oncogene vs oncogene

which one cancer which one normal

______ mutation new AA same type as original (Arg -> His both basic)

_____ mutation new AA different type (Arg -> Asp, basic to acidic)

____ A -> G purine to purine

____ A --> T purine to pyrimidine

____ gene on one chromosome swapped for gene on another 

___ gene one same chromosome swapped

sanger sequencing - set the base pairs for coding region starting from bottom + to top - (5` to 3`)

Type ______ enzymes target modified (e.g. methylated, hydroxymethylated) DNA.

 Type _____ enzymes cleave within or at short specific distances from their recognition sites and often require magnesium (Mg2+)




 Type _____ enzymes cleave at sites a short distance from their recognition sites and require ATP (but do not hydrolyze it). S-adenosyl-L-methionine stimulates this reaction, but is not required.

Type ______ enzymes cleave at sites remote from the recognition site; they require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function.

_____ used to simultaneously analyze the gene expression profiles of 1000s of genes to study disease 

______ - used to assay location of specific DNA sequence

which is more muscular/thick, atria or ventricles?

which is more muscular/thick/elastic, veins or arteries?

- stimulates bile production by liver

- secreted by s. intestine/duodenum

- stimulates pancreas to release H2O and HCO3- to neutralize HCl

- Inhibits gastrin to inhibit HCl release