Pharmacology

proton pump inhibitor

lipid lowering agent

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor

angiotensin II receptor antagonist

fluoroquinolone antibiotics

antiviral compounds

monoclonal antibodies

phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

beta blocking agents

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Brand name: Lipitor

• Brand name: Prevacid
• 

• Brand name: Singulair
• 

• Brand name: Prozac
• 

Brand name: Diovan

Brand name: Levaquin

Brand name: Zovirax

Brand name: Avastin

Brand name: Viagra

Brand name: Tenormin

Brand name: Vasotec

(- stat ) Lipid lowering agent

(-prazole) Proton Pump Inhibitors

(- lukast)  Leukotriene receptor antagonist

( -oxetine) Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitor

( -sartan) Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist

(- oxacin) Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

( -vir) Antiviral compounds

(-mab) Monoclonal Antibodies

(-afil) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

( -olol) Beta Blocking Agents

( -pril) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Established the food and drug administration

It required people to start labeling products.

required that drugs had to be approved by the FDA and demonstrate safety.

required drugs to actually show proof of efficacy and safety.

drug actions/effects on biologic systems

exhibit effects similarly to naturally occurring molecule

Produces less than the full effect, even when it has saturated the receptors.

It acts as an inhibitor in the presence of a full agonist.

They have a lower maximal efficacy than a full agonist.

greatest effect an agonist can produce at highest tolerated dose level taken

drug capable of fully activating the effector system when it binds to the receptor

inhibit the effect to a naturally occurring molecule

Drugs that bind to (or close to) the agonist site in a reversible way w/o activating the system.

IF both the competitive antagonist and the agonist are present, it takes a higher dose of the agonist to fully activate the receptors by displacing the antagonist.

Drugs that bind to the agonist site w/o activating the system.

IF both the irreversible anatgonoist and agonist are present the agonist cannot overcome the antagonist with a higher dose and instead lowers the effect that the agonist has on the receptors.

amount of drug needed to produce a given effect determined mainly by the affinity of the receptor for the drug and the number of receptors available

the effect of the biologic system on the drug

- Absorption, distribution, elimination

Rate absorption depends on administration

Most PO not completely absorbed

IV 100% absorption

Hydrophilic or overly lipophilic can affect the drugs ability to cross the cell membrane or the water layer next to the cell

How effectively the drug distributes to the body is related to the volume of distribution (low is mostly blood, high is extravascular tissue) and if its homogenous

Molecular size (IV vs PO)

Physical volume of the body (hydration/dehydration)

Protein vs unbound

Lipophilic/ hydrophilic factors

Clearance relates the rate of elimination to the plasma concentration (volume/time)

Mostly done by the kidneys or liver or a combination of the two

Elimination is usually constant.

Ideally it takes 5 half -lives for the drugs to be cleared

The concentration always reaches 50% of steady state after 1 half-life, 75% after 2 half-lives, 87.5% after 3 half-lives, and so on.

Steady state reached at about 4-5 half-lives

Parenteral:IV, IM

Oral: tablets, capules, liquid, suspensions

Rectal: suppositories, enemas, gels

Topical/Transdermal: patches, creams, ointments, gels, drops, liquids

Inhalation: powder, liquids, sprays, nebulizers

larger; higher

drug goes to liver first before it is distributed throughout the body

not all drugs go through 1st pass