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-prazole
proton pump inhibitor
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-stat
lipid lowering agent
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-lukast
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
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-oxetine
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
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-sartan
angiotensin II receptor antagonist
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-oxacin
fluoroquinolone antibiotics
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-mab
monoclonal antibodies
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-afil
phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
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-olol
beta blocking agents
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-pril
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
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Generic name: Atrovastatin
Brand name: Lipitor
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Generic name: Lansoprazole
- Brand name: Prevacid

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Generic: Montelukast
- Brand name: Singulair
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Generic name: Fluoxetine
- Brand name: Prozac

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Generic name: Valsartan
Brand name: Diovan
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Generic name: Levofloxacin
Brand name: Levaquin
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Generic name: Acyclovir
Brand name: Zovirax
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Generic name: Bevacizumab
Brand name: Avastin
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Generic name: Sildenafil
Brand name: Viagra
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Generic name: Metoprolol
Brand name: Tenormin
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Generic name: Enalapril
Brand name: Vasotec
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Atorvastin (Lipitor)
(- stat ) Lipid lowering agent
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Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
(-prazole) Proton Pump Inhibitors
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Montelukast (Singulair)
(- lukast) Leukotriene receptor antagonist
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Fluoxetine (Prozac)
( -oxetine) Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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Valsartan (Diovan)
( -sartan) Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist
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Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
(- oxacin) Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
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Acyclovir (Zovirax)
( -vir) Antiviral compounds
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Bevacizumab (Avastin)
(-mab) Monoclonal Antibodies
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Sildenafil (Viagra)
(-afil) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
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Metoprolol (Tenormin)
( -olol) Beta Blocking Agents
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Enalapril (Vasotec)
( -pril) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
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Pure food and drug act of 1906
Established the food and drug administration
It required people to start labeling products.
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Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
required that drugs had to be approved by the FDA and demonstrate safety.
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Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962
required drugs to actually show proof of efficacy and safety.
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Pharmacodynamic
drug actions/effects on biologic systems
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Agonist
exhibit effects similarly to naturally occurring molecule
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Partial Agonist
Produces less than the full effect, even when it has saturated the receptors.
It acts as an inhibitor in the presence of a full agonist.
They have a lower maximal efficacy than a full agonist.
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Efficacy
greatest effect an agonist can produce at highest tolerated dose level taken
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Full Agonist
drug capable of fully activating the effector system when it binds to the receptor
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Antagonist
inhibit the effect to a naturally occurring molecule
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Competitive Antagonists
Drugs that bind to (or close to) the agonist site in a reversible way w/o activating the system.
IF both the competitive antagonist and the agonist are present, it takes a higher dose of the agonist to fully activate the receptors by displacing the antagonist.
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Irreversible Antagonists
Drugs that bind to the agonist site w/o activating the system.
IF both the irreversible anatgonoist and agonist are present the agonist cannot overcome the antagonist with a higher dose and instead lowers the effect that the agonist has on the receptors.
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Potency
amount of drug needed to produce a given effect determined mainly by the affinity of the receptor for the drug and the number of receptors available
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Pharmacokinetic
the effect of the biologic system on the drug
- Absorption, distribution, elimination
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Absorption
Rate absorption depends on administration
Most PO not completely absorbed
IV 100% absorption
Hydrophilic or overly lipophilic can affect the drugs ability to cross the cell membrane or the water layer next to the cell
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Distribution
How effectively the drug distributes to the body is related to the volume of distribution (low is mostly blood, high is extravascular tissue) and if its homogenous
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Distribution is affected by:
Molecular size (IV vs PO)
Physical volume of the body (hydration/dehydration)
Protein vs unbound
Lipophilic/ hydrophilic factors
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Elimination
Clearance relates the rate of elimination to the plasma concentration (volume/time)
Mostly done by the kidneys or liver or a combination of the two
Elimination is usually constant.
Ideally it takes 5 half -lives for the drugs to be cleared
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Half-Life
The concentration always reaches 50% of steady state after 1 half-life, 75% after 2 half-lives, 87.5% after 3 half-lives, and so on.
Steady state reached at about 4-5 half-lives
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DOSAGE FORMS
Parenteral:IV, IM
Oral: tablets, capules, liquid, suspensions
Rectal: suppositories, enemas, gels
Topical/Transdermal: patches, creams, ointments, gels, drops, liquids
Inhalation: powder, liquids, sprays, nebulizers
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Low doses can cause ___ effects than larger doses. As the doses get ___ the desired effect diminishes and undesired effects increases.
larger; higher
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1st pass drugs
drug goes to liver first before it is distributed throughout the body
not all drugs go through 1st pass
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