Chemistry titrations

A solution whose concentration is accurately known

A substance that is available in a pure, stable and water-soluble form, so that it can be used to make up a solution of accurately known concentration

at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of any gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature

When gases react, the volumes consumed in the reaction bear a simple whole number ratio to each other and to the volumes of any gaseous product of the reaction, of all volumes are measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure

Equal volumes of gases, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules

a gas that obeys all the assumptions of the kinetic theory under all conditions of temperature and pressure

a liquid that is easily vaporized

there are no attractive or repulsive forces between these particles

all collisions are perfectly elastic

the average kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the Kelvin temperature

at high temperatures and low pressures

the relative attraction of an atom for shared pairs of electrons in a covalent bond

the number of bonds each atom of the element forms when it reacts

a covalent bond between two atoms formed by sideways overlap of oribtals

a covalent bond between two atoms formed by the end-on overlap of orbitals

half the distance between the nuclei two atoms of the element that are joined together by a single covalent bond

the minimum energy in kilojoules required to remove the most loosely bound electron from each isolated atom in a mole of the element in a ground state

the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from each singly charged positive ion in a mole of these ions

a series of colored lines against a dark background

the spectrum that is absorbed after white light has been passed through the element

• only worked for hydrogen
• wave nature
• did not allow for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

• only for reactions in water
• did not account for the hydronium ion
• did not explain amphoteric substances