A&P Chapter 4 - Tissues

large group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

• epithelial tissue (ET)
• connective tissue (CT)
• muscle tissue (MT)
• nervous tissue (NT)

• covers, lines, forms glands
• always close together/tightly packed
• always a free surface (apical) and attached surface (basal)
• one or many layers
• avascular
• little to no nerve supply
• usually in various stages of mitosis due to wear and tear
• attached to underlying tissue by cell junctions

attaches ET to CT on basal surface

• 3 types
• tight: cells fused together / impermeable barrier (ex. blood brain barrier)
• anchoring; allows for stretching (seen in regions of friction)
• gap: cells connected by hollow cylinders which allow impulses to pass between cells (only found in embryo)

one layer

many layers

one layer that looks like many layers

flat

cubed cell

column or cylinder shaped

changes shape due to stretching

• lungs, kidneys, capillaries
• diffusion, osmosis, filtration

simple squamous ET associated with capillaries and vessels

simple squamous ET associated with lungs or serous membranes

• tubes of the kidneys
• secretion, absorption

• digestive, respiratory
• secretion, absorption
• --may have goblet cells, cilia (respiratory), villi (digestive)

secrete mucus onto surface of tissues

microscopic hairs that move substances along the surface of the tissue

finger-like projections on the surface of a tissue that increases the surface area of the tissue

• top layer is flat
• regions of wear and tear
• --kertinized (skin)
• --non-keritinized (body cavities)
• protection

waterproofing protein

• many layers
• bladder, ureter
• stretches

• upper respiratory tract (upper trachea/lower throat)
• secretion, absorption
• always has cilia and goblet cells

• cell or group of cells that produce a product and secrete it into a duct, into blood, or onto a body surface
• 2 major types - endocrine and exocrine

produce hormones and secrete them into blood

• product a product and secret them into a duct or onto a body surface
• 3 classes of exocrine glands - holocrine, merocrine, apocrine

• build up products in the cytoplasm then the cell dies and product is released
• (ex. sweat, oil)

• produce product and release it to outside of cell
• most common type of gland

• accumulate product on top of cell then pinches off to release product (cell repairs itself)
• (ex. mammary)

• combination of 2 or more tissues (usually ET + CT)
• 4 types of membranes - mucous, serous, synovial, cutaneous

lines every body cavity that opens to outside

• a double membrane with fluid between layers
• pleura: lungs
• pericardium: heart
• peritoneum: all digestive organs

• double layered membrane found in all freely movable joints
• secretes synovial fluid to help lubricate joins

skin

• binds, supports, protects, stores fat, immunity
• most numerous tissue in the body
• contains many cells, fibers, ground substance
• more vascular than ET (except for cartilage & tendons)
• no free surfaces
• 2 classes - embryonic and adult

large group of chemicals that form the matrix

• substance or space that separates cells in CT
• usually a group of chemicals & fibers
• support tissue and provide strength
• 3 types of fibers - collagen, elastin, reticular

• gives tissue strength
• made of protein
• most numerous fiber in all connective tissue

allows tissue to stretch

form the stroma of all soft body organs (liver, spleen)

framework

• kill and remove bacteria
• comes from monocytes (WBCs)
• most active phagoctye in the body

• secrete & produce matrix, form collagen
• most numerous of all CT cells

• produce antibodies that fight infection
• come from lymphocytes (WBCs)

• produce histamine and heparin
• always found next to blood vessels

chemical that dilates blood vessels and releases chemicals during allergies and inflammation

• chemical that thins blood
• also acts like glue to hold groups of mast cells together

fat cells

WBCs

RBCs

platelets

mature bone cells

bone building cells

bone destroying cells

cartilage producing cells

only found in embryos

embryonic CT that every adult CT forms from

mucous that supports umbilical cord

• under skin, behind eyes, around heart, liver, kidneys, in yellow bone marrow
• insulation, support, protection, energy reserve

• under skin, around organs, vessels, nerves
• strength, support, elasticity

• all soft hollow organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes)
• framework and shape of organ

• ligaments, tendons
• attachment

• heart valves, dermis, periosteum (bone membrane), perichondrium (cartilage membrane)
• strength

• lungs, arteries, trachea, penis
• stretching

• vertebral discs, knee joints, symphysis pubis
• support, fussion

• long bones, ribs, bronchial tree, nose, trachea, embryonic skeleton
• movement, support

• external ears, epiglottis
• support, shape

• heart, blood vessels
• carries nutrients, waste, controls temp, immunity

• all bonesmovement
• blood cell production

• found in shaft of long bone
• OSTEON
• lacunae: spaces where bone cells reside
• lamilla: circles of bone
• haversian canal: middle
• canaliculi: tiny channels that allow nerves/vessels through bone

• found on ends of bone
• makes bone strong but light in weight
• made of trabeculae

• skeletal: striated and voluntary
• smooth: non-striated and involuntary
• cardiac: striated and involuntary

• neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia
• dendrites: impulses to the cell body
• cell body: organelles/nucleus
• axon: impulses away from the cell body