Chemistry HL Chapter 11

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What is systematic error?
- Error in the calibration (accuracy)
- Can’t be reduced through multiple readings.
What is random error?
- Error that can be equally high or low (precision)
- Can be reduced through multiple readings.
How do we use absolute and percentage uncertainties?
- Addition: Absolute uncertainties are simply added.
- Division, multiplication: Percentage uncertainties are added and converted back into an absolute uncertainty
How is total error calculated?

Literature value - calculated value over literature value
How to calculate IHD (Index of hydrogen deficiency)
- Each double bond counts as one IDH and each triple bond 2 IDH
- If x is the number of carbon and y the number of hydrogen
- (2x+2-y)/2 gives us the IDH
- For each N, add one to both x and y
- Other compounds don’t affect the IDH
What are the properties of HNMR
- Number of peaks gives the number of different chemical environments occupied by H.
- Area under each peak gives the number of protons in that specific chemical environment.
- The standard is TMS because it produces a single strong peak and can easily be removed as it’s volatile.
- Each peak is split into n+1 peaks, n being the number of protons bonded to the adjacent carbon due to split split coupling.
- Incredibly powerful tool for structural determination and determining isomers (cis or trans)
- Used in MRI technology
X-Ray crystallography
- Used to determine exact position of atoms and thus the exact structure of compound.
- It identifies
- Bond lengths
- Bond angles
- Chemical structure of the compound

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Chemistry HL Chapter 11

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Updated

2019-05-21T16:06:47Z

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