The Spinal Canal starts at ______ & extends into _____.
Contains ____ & ____
Base of Skull, sacrum
Spinal Cord, Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
The Spinal Cord begins at ____ ____ of the brain.
Passes through the _____ ____ of skull into spinal canal.
Continues through ____ down to ____. (End)
Medulla oblongata
foramen magnum
C1 - L1
_____ _____ translates to “horse’s tail”
Cauda equina
Thoracic & Sacral curves:
- Develop on their own (classified as primary)
- Begin to develop soon after birth as children raise their head & sit up
- ____ curves from the posterior surface
Convex
Cervical & Lumbar curves:
- Develop from movement (classified as compensatory)
- Develop when children learn to walk
- ____ curves from the posterior surface
Concave
_______ - Abnormal exaggerated anterior concavity of the lumbar spine. “Swayback”
Lordosis
______ - Abnormal exaggerated thoracic curvature with increased convexity. “Humpback”
Kyphosis
_____ - Abnormal lateral curvature of the thoracic and/or lumbar spines. “S-shape”
Scoliosis
Typical Vertebral Anatomy
2 main parts:
____ - thick weight bearing portion
____ - posterior ring of bone that extends from the body
Body
Vertebral Arch
What is 1?
Spinous process
What is 2?
Lamina
What is 3?
Transverse Process
What is 4?
Pedicle
What is 5?
Body
1. 2 superior articular processes
2. 2 inferior articular processes
3. Superior articular process
4. Superior vertebral notch
5. Inferior vertebral notch
6. Inferior articular process
Intervertebral Disks are made of fibrocartilaginous structures:
- Outer: ________ - made up of thick fibrous cartilage
- Inner: ________ - made up of soft semi-gelatinous material
Annulus fibrous
Nucleus pulposus
______ joints are located on each side between the articular processes of stacked vertebrae (superior articular process of one vertebra & the inferior articular process of another)
Zygapophyseal
______ ______ :
- Spaces located on each side laterally between the stacked vertebrae
- Formed by the superior vertebral notch of one vertebra & the inferior vertebral notch of another
- Passageway for spinal nerves & blood vessels
Intervertebral Foramina
Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics
- Increase in size from C1 to C7
Unique Characteristics:
- Transverse foramina in the middle of the transverse processes
- Bifid spinous process tips C2-C6 only
- Overlapping vertebral bodies
C1 - Atlas (unique features)
C2 - Axis (unique features)
C3 - C7 typical cervical vertebrae
Atlas (C1)
1?
Lateral Mass
2?
Anterior arch (with anterior tubercle)
3?
Sectional view of Dens (odontoid process) projecting through this opening
4?
Transverse atlantal ligament
5?
Transverse process
6?
Posterior arch (with posterior tubercle)
7?
Superior facet (part of atlanto-occipital articulation with skull)
8?
Superior articular process
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Has a conical process called the _______ (___) that extends upward into the vertebral foramen of C1
Odontoid Process (Dens)
Radiographic Anatomy - AP Cervical
Radiographic Anatomy - AP Open Mouth
Radiographic Anatomy- Lateral Cervical
Radiographic Anatomy - Oblique Cervical
Cervical Spine Topographic Landmarks
___ - Mastoid Process or 1” inferior to EAM
___ - Angle of the jaw (gonion)
___ (__-__) - Thyroid cartilage
___/___ - Vertebra Prominens
C1
C3
C5, (C4-C6)
C7/T1
AP Axial
SID - ____
CR - __-__ degree ___; enters lower margin of thyroid cartilage
40”
15-20, cephalad
AP Axial (Cervical Spine)
AP Open Mouth C1/C2
- SID - ____
- open mouth & adjust head until line from lower margin of upper incisors to the base of the skull (mastoid tip) is perpendicular to IR
- CR Perpendicular to IR; enters center of open mouth