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Where did the art of Rhetoric originate?
Art of Rhetoric mid-400 BC in Syracuse, Sicily-Sicilians overthrew regime and formed democratic society- first task bring leagal calims against tyrannical government
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What was the focus of early retoric
- Corax and Tisias-first theorists and teachers of rhetoric- taught citizens how to present claims forcefully and effectively.
- Invention, Organization, Style, Memory, and Delivery
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Where did Comm. Studies departments originate?
- In liberal education in Ivy League schools
- 1800's, early 1900's, part of English department
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What was the focus of early departments?
- Emphasis on teaching
- Focus Public speaking
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How has the focus in communications studies changed?
- Emphasis is broader, from public speaking to speech to communication
- Includes analysis and research, different forms of communication
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Communication according to Woods is...
A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols tovcreate & interpret meaning.
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Describe the SYSTEMIC element of communication
- a system made up of interrelated parts, can be broken•down and analyzed
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Describe the PROCESS element of communication
ongoing and dynamic, always in motion, continually•changing
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What is MEANING
socially mediated mental representation, what something•signifies to us, we communicate meaning through symbols; content &relationship level meaning
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Explain the Linear Models of Communication
- One-way, one person acting on another person
- Too simplistic
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Interactive Model of Communication
- Added feedback (response to a message, intentional or unintentional, verbalor non-verbal) & personal fields of experience
- Communication as a sequential process
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Transactional Model of Communication
- Both parties are communicators, participating equally & simultaneously
- Shows communication changing over time
- Within systems or contexts (physical, historical, cultural, & relational) thatinclude shared systems of communicators & the personal systems of eachcommunicator
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3 stages of inquiry, including the 3 types of questions asked by research scholars.
- 1.Ask Questions
- 3 types of Q's asked by research scholars§
- Q's of definition§ Q's of fact§ Q's of value
- 2.Observations
- 3.Constructing Answers
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3 types of scholarship (be able to compare/contrast as well as identify what field of study is appropriate to each)
- 1. Natural Science
- Objective, Depends on standardization of method
- Scientific-philosophicalposition
- 2. Humanistic
- Subjective Focus on individual &social worlds Does NOT separate knower from known
- 3. Social Sciences
- Objective Uses scientific methodologies "humans" as object of study
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What are experimental & non-experimental designs of research? How are they different?
- EXPERIMENTAL controls all variables except for oneo
- NON-EXPERIMENTAL doesn't manipulate variables; choose variables,describe and measure them, & analyze the relationship
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What is researcher bias & what can be done about it?
- RESEARCHER BIAS is any intentional or unintentional influence theexperimenter exerts on a subject in an attempt to confirm the hypothesiso
- Solutions: 1) train experimenters better, 2) standardization, and 3) setup "blind research" (where experimenters are unaware of the hypothesis)
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How is rhetoric connected to persuasion?
- Makes us suspicious & mistrusting of rhetoric
- Creates interest to learn how to persuade others
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ART OF RHETORIC (def.)
the systematic and intentional practice of effective symbolic expression
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Purposes of Rhetor
- To persuade
- To achieve clarity through the structured use of symbols
- To create beauty through the aesthetic potential in symbols
- To develop mutual understanding through careful management of meanings
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SYMBOLS (def.)
- abstract, arbitrary, and ambiguous representations of other things
- any mark, sign, gesture or sound that communicates meaning basedon
- social agreement
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RHETOR (def.)
the speaker, person creating or presenting a message
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RHETORICAL DISCOURSE/RHETORIC (def.):
the actual speaking, what is created and studied
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RHETORICAL THEORY-
the systematic presentation of the art of rhetoric, theprinciples of effectiveness, explanations on how rhetoric achieves its goals, anddescriptions of rhetoric's various functions
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Characteristics of Rhetorical Discourse
- Planned
- Adapted to an audience
- Shaped by human motives
- Responsive to a situation
- Persuasion-seeking
- Addresses contingent issues
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Social Functions of Rhetoric
- 1.Ideas are tested
- 2.Advocacy is assisted
- 3.Power is distributed
- 4.Facts are discovered
- 5.Knowledge is shaped
- 6.Builds community
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MOTIVE (def.):
commitments goals desires are purposes that lead to action
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IDEOLOGY (def.)
a system of belief, or framework for interpreting the world.
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