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Which nematodes if ingested their eggs will get you sick?
- Enterobius
- Ascaris
- Trichuris trichiura
- (think: EAT)
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Which is the nematode that has adult forms outside the human body (ie in the soil)?
Strongyloides
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Which is the infectious stage of nematode larvae: filariform or rhabditiform?
Filariform
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Rhabditiform larvae is the _____ stage of nematode larvae
Feeding, noninfectious
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In which species of nematodes are eggs the diagnostic stage?
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Trichuris trichiura
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Ancylostoma duodenale (or Necator americanus)
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Strongylodies have larvae in _____, while Trichinella have larvae in ____?
- Stool (think Strongylodies – Stool)
- Muscle
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Enterobius vermicularis is also known as____
Pinworm
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Where does Adult Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms) mate?
Colon
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Which nematodes is most commonly found in small children?
Enterobius vermicularis
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True/false: Female pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) migrate out of anus and lay eggs on perianal skin at night
True
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Enterobius vermicularis infective stage is ____, diagnostic stage is ____
- Embryonated egg (ingested)
- Eggs
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True/false: Enterobius vermicularis eggs are often found in the stools
False;e they are NOT found in stools
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What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis?
Albendazole, mebendazole
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True/false: Enterobius vermicularis eggs look like footballs with plugs on the sides
False; Enterobius vermicularis eggs do look like football but with a line down the middle. One with plugs on side = Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
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Scotch tape is used to recovered eggs of which nematode?
Enterobius (pinworm)
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What do the eggs of Trichuris trichiura look like?
Football with plugs at the ends
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What is the infected stage of Trichuris trichiura?
Eggs ingestion from food or water contaminated with human feces
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Where do eggs of Trichuris trichiura hatch?
In the small intestine – larvae differentiate into immature adults (like our class)
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True/false: Trichuris trichiura larvae mature in the small intestine
False; they are hatched in the small intestines, but they migrate to the large intestine to mature
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True/false: Trichuris trichiura unembryonated eggs in human feces get deposited in warm moist soil and form embryos
True
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True/false: unembryonated Trichuris trichiura eggs are ingested and that is the infective stage
False: it is embryonated eggs that are ingested, unembryonated ones are once found in the soil
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Which nematodes can cause iron-deficiency anemia?
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
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Which nematode can cause rectal prolapse in children?
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
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What is treatmet for whipworm?
Albendazole (also used in treatment for enterobius)
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Giant roundworms are _______, a nematode
Ascaris lumbricoides
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Which is the largest nematode?
Ascaris lumbricoides
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How can humans get infected with Ascaris lumbricoides?
Ingesting eggs in food or water contaminated human feces
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Describe life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides:
- Eggs ingested
- Larvae emerge in the intestine-> enter bloodstream, migrate to lungs and the ascend to bronchi trachea pharynx and swallowed
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True/false: Ascaris lumbricoides can cause pneumonitis because it goes up to the lungs
True
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Ascaris lumbricoides eggs look _____
Bumpy
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True/false: Ascaris lumbricoides treatment is just like treatment for Enterobius- albendazole and mebendazole
True
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Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are _____
Hookworms ; they are indistinguishable form each other
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Humans are infected with hookworms when _______larvae in ____ penetrate the skin
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True/false: hookworms are infected with ingestion of embryonated eggs
False; hookworms in most soil penetrate the skin to infect humans
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Hookworms larvae migrate to the ______ once it is inside the human, adult hookworms attach to ______, eggs are passed in _____
- Lungs
- Intestinal mucosa
- Human feces
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Which nematode infection could cause microcytic anemia?
Hookworm infection
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True/false: hookworms can cause perianal itching as the females leave at night to deposit egg on the perianal skin
False; this statement is true for enterobius (pinworm). Hookworms can cause GROUND ITCH at site of larval entry
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Which nematodes could cause pneumonia/pneumonitis?
Hookworms and Ascaris and Strongyloides stercoralis
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What is treatment for hookworm?
albendazole and mebendazole
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Strongyloides stercoralis are also known as ___
Threadworm
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Which nematode infections usually involved the feet?
Hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis
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True/false: Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm filariform larvae penetrate the skin, and migrate to lungs to get swallowed
True
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True/false: Strongyloides stercoralis egg are diagnostic
False; rhabitidiform larve is the diagnostic stage. Eggs of Strongyloides stercoralis hatch in the intestines
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True/false: autoinfection of Strongyloides stercoralis can become a complication in immunocompromised patients
True
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Nematodes that can cause ground itch and cutaneous larva migrans are:
Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm
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How to distinguish between hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis?
Diagnostic stages are different
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True/false: Strongyloides stercoralis treatment is albendazole and mebendazole, just like with hookworms
False; Strongyloides stercoralis is treated with ivermectin
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Pork roundworm is _____
Trichninella
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Encysted trichinella larvae are found in ______
Muscle of animals
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How do humans get exposed to Trichinella?
Eating raw meat
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True/false: Trichinella infections is through ingestion of embryonated eggs
False; it is through ingestion of raw meat containing encysted larva
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True/false: Trichinella adult worms form in intestine and produce larvae that enter bloodstream and encyst in human muscle
True
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Which nematode infections could cause subconjunctival hemorrhages?
Trichinella ---think James Harden eating raw pork
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Which nematode infection might result in congested heart failure because it effects striated muscle?
Trichinella
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What is treatment for muscle larvae of Trichinella?
There is no treatment for muscle larvae
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How to treat Trichinella symptomatically?
Steroids plus albendazole ; mebendazole is effective against adult in eary infection
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