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easiest & most common way to gather information about people’s personalities
- asking people to fill out self report inventories
- administering projective tests, observing people’s behavior, & using brain scans are all time consuming and, while they help gather information about personality, they are not the easiest or most common ways
- dream analysis & free association are not used for personality, they are used to access unconscious thoughts
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continuous reinforcement
rat gets a treat every time he pushes a button
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fixed ratio
every 5 times a dog sits, he gets a treat
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fixed intreval
weekly paycheck is reinforcement for 7 days (consistent time)
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negative reinforcement
babies stop crying when picked up to teach their parents to hold them a lot
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positive punishment
you have to do 3 extra hours of homework
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negative punishment
you can't have your phone
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overgeneralization
the cat runed, the bus goed
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wundt
structructuralism & introspection
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which personality theory underestimates the importance of the environment
trait
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standardization sample
exam questions are pretested to insure they are reliably measuring what they are intended to measure
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somatic symptom disorder
extreme focus on physical symptoms cause emotional distress & problems functioning
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conversion disorder
a person has blindness, paralysis, or any other nervous sysytem symptm that can't be explained by medical evaluation
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ECT
giving a patient with depression shocks while they are under anasthesia (only if all other treatments have failed)
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achievement motivation
Dwight works at Dunder Mifflin & frequently volunteers to come early or stay late & prides himself on being a good worker
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functional fixedness
part of gestalt, limits a person to using an item only for it's intended purpose, limits creativity
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proactive interface
previously learned stuff gets in the way of learning new stuff
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belief bias
judge an argument on the conclusion rather than supporting evidence
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framing
compared to $10, $30 seems like a lot. compared to $50, $30 seems like less.
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motion parallax
closer objects move faster, further objects move slower
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stroboscopic motion
flip book
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phi phenomenon
"moving" christmas lights
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accomodation (vision)
focus image on retina
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if you stare at a red & orange shape then immediatley after look at a blank piece of paper, you will see...
a green & blue shape (the opposite color)
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Tolman
showed latent learning (occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned) with a rat maze where the rats performance improved significantly after a reward was introduced
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where is memory stored
lots of places
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moro reflex
elicited by a sudden noise or touch
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babinski reflex
foot (babies)
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plantar reflex
foot (adult)
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rooting reflex
babies turn face towards touch on cheek
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reaction formation
i say that i love arya even though i hate her
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displacement
im mad at arya but i yell at billiebob
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projection
i justify hating arya by saying that she hates me
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sublimation
regina george takes out her anger through lacrosse
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intellectualization
someone who is terminally ill does lots of research about their illness
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main advantage of group therapy
reduces financial burden
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behaviorist therapy
seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors. It functions on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that unhealthy behaviors can be changed
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psychodynamic therapy
Freud, free association, dream analysis
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sociocultural therapy
looks at your environment
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humanistic therapy
self esteem & uncondition positive regard
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somatic therapy
relationship between body & mind
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howard gardner & multiple intelligence
- linguistic: words
- logical-mathematical: numbers & reasoning
- spatial: picture
- bodily kinesthetic: body
- musical: music
- interpersonal: people smart
- intrapersonal: self smart
- naturalist: nature
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big 5 model
openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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drinking alcohol while pregnant...
increases chances of mental retardation
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declarative memory
i can tell you about the time i went to the beach and met katy perry
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semantic memory
common knowledge (names of colors, capitals of states)
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implicit memory
remembering the words to a song and finishing a line of a song when someone sings the first two words
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eidetic memory
photographic memory
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as Mobu walked to his class, he passed many people in the hallway. what they were wearing that day would be briefly in his...
iconic (short term/snapshot) memory
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echoic memory
sounds (easier to remember)
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procedural memory
how to walk or how to ride a bike
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james lange theory
billiebob watches friends, he laughs, he feels happy
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a kitten learns to chase birds by copying his mother
observational learning
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Melissa learned to dig for earthworms only after it rains
discrimination, able to tell the differences between stimuli
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the mean, median, & mode are equal
normal distribution
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when a neuron initially depolarizes...
Na+ ions flow into the cell
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tricyclic antidepressant
seratonin reuptake inhibitor
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thorazine
antipsychotic for schizophrenia
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haldol
antipsychotic for schizophrenia & tourrettes
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mean us higher than median
positively skewed distribution
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most involved in electric part of neural transmissions
myelin: fatty tissue that surrounds axons and helps speed up action potential (electric charge) down the neuron
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neurotransmitters
chemicals stored in terminal buttons & released into synapse
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phonemes
smallest units of sound in a language
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morphemes
smallest units with meaning
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homophones
single words to express complex ideas (doggy! = there is a dog)
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when first born, humans dominant sense is
hearing (becomes sight after 6 months)
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nearly constant low level arousal of autonomic nervous system
GAD
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which perspective was most popular at the turn of the 20th century in europe
psychoanalytic
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light enters the eye through the
iris
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according to humanism, psychological disorders are caused by
unfilfilled needs
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antonia has a cat, the first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat, her mistake is due to
assimilation
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somatic nervous system is part of
peripheral nervous system
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what provides information about how spread out a distribution is
variance
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because jake is late to basketball practice, coach peterson makes him sit out for the first quarter of the next game. jake is on time for the rest of the season. coach peterson has used
omission training
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the brainstem is comprised of
hindbrain & midbrain
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overjustification effect
expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation
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to prove a psychological theory
it is impossible to prove a theory
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billiebob gives out cookies that say "vote for billiebob" on them as a part of his campaign for president. he is using the
mere exposure effect
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eli is just beginning to sit up. how old is he?
6 months
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what number tells you if there is a significan different between group 1 & group 2's scores
p value
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what part of the brain was thought to play the most important role in the canon bard theory of emotion
thalamus
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what color is the shortest electromagnetic waves humans can see
violet
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people who are able to be hypnotized easily are likely to score high on which of the big five personality traits
openness
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kholers studies with apes demonstrate
learning can occur via insight
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which model of personality is the least deterministic
humanistic
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if vance is psychotic, what medication would he benefit from
neuroleptics (tranquilizers used to manage psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought)
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sperlings partial report technique was designed to test
capacity of sensory memory
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cyrus takes a nap, an hour later, his dad wakes him up. cyrus feels worse than when he went to bed and can hardly get up. an EEG of cyrus before he woke up would most likely have shown a prepondderance of
delta waves
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en route to the brain, information from the two eyes retinas crosses at the
lateral geniculate nucleus
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a lesson from Janis's research on groupthink is that
it is important for people to voice dissent
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information from the optic nerve is initially processed in the
thalamus
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which theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
two factor theory: emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label
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what part of phineas gage's brain was damaged by his accident
prefrontal cortex
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__% of participants in Milgrim's obedience experiments thought they delivered the maximum amount of shock possible
60%
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biological approach
genetics, close relatives, body functions
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evolutionary approach
how to survive
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psychodynamic approach
freud, subconscious, repressed feelings, unfilfilled wishes
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behavioral approach
learning (classical & operant) observed
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cognitive approach
thinking affects behavior
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humanistic approach
becoming a better human, behavior, acceptance
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socio-cultural approach
culture, family, approach
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why are experiments important
- hindsight bias: i knew it all along!
- overconfidence: a person's subjective confidence in his or her judgements is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgements
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types of research methods
descriptive, correlational, experimental
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descriptive methods
case study, survery, naturalistic observation * don't show cause & effect
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case study
studies one person in depth, may not be typical of population (ex: genie)
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survey
studies lots of people but not in depth
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naturalistic observation
observe & write facts without interfering with the situation
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correlational method
shows relation, but not cause & effect, scatterplots show research
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correlation coefficent
- +1: both increase
- 0: no correlation
- -1: one increases, the other decreases
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experimental method
shows cause and effect
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population
type of people who are going to be used in an experiment
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sample
actual people who will be experimented on
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random assignment
chance selection between experimental & control groups
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confounding variable
can effect dependant variable beyond control of the experiment
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scientific method
theory -> hypothesis -> operational definition -> revision
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theory
general idea being tested, cannot be proven
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hypothesis
measurable/scientific
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operational definition
procedures that explain components
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mode
number that appears the most
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standard deviation
how scores vary from the mean
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central tendency
single score that represents the whole
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__% of results fall within 1 value of the mean
68%
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__% of results fall within 2 values of the mean
95%
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__% of results fall within 3 values of the mean
99%
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ethics of testing on humans
consent, debriefing, no unnecessary discomfort or pain, confidentiality
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sensory neurons
sensory receptors -> brain
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motor neurons
brain -> spinal cord & muscles
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interneurons
in brain & spinal cord, connect motor & sensory neurons
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dendrites
recieve messages
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myelin sheath
protects axon
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axon
where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal
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neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
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reuptake
extra neurotransmitters taken back
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inhibitory charge
dont do it
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central nervous system
brain & spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
somatic & autonomic nervious systems
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somatic nervous system
voluntary movements
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autonomic nervous system
involuntary movements, sympathetic & parasympatheric nervous systems
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sympathetic nervous system
arousing
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parasympathetic nervous system
calming
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neural networks
greater use = more connections, others fall away if not used
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