Anthropology Exam #3

Which term best describes a group not based on age, kinship, marriage, territory, or rank?

A. verbal evaluation.
B. egalitarian society.
C. common-interest association.
D. mobility.
E. stratified society.
F. age grade.
G. symbolic indicator.
H. age set.
I. caste.
J. social class.

Which term best describes a society in which the number of valued positions is equal to the number of people capable of filling them?
Select one:
A. common-interest association.
B. egalitarian society.
C. caste.
D. open-class society.
E. mobility.
F. verbal evaluation.
G. age grade.
H. age set.
I. social class.
J. stratified society.

Which term best describes a set of families and individuals who enjoy nearly equal prestige?
Select one:
A. egalitarian society.
B. mobility.
C. verbal evaluation.
D. symbolic indicator.
E. age grade.
F. social class.
G. stratified society.
H. open-class society.
I. common-interest association.
J. age set.

Which term best describes a kind of social class in which membership is determined at birth and remains fixed for life?
Select one:
A. social class.
B. age grade.
C. caste.
D. mobility.
E. stratified society.
F. verbal evaluation.
G. age set.
H. symbolic indicator.
I. egalitarian society.
J. common-interest association.

Which term best describes a category of people based on age?
Select one:
A. verbal evaluation.
B. social class.
C. common-interest association.
D. egalitarian society.
E. open-class society.
F. mobility.
G. symbolic indicator.
H. stratified society.
I. age grade.
J. age set.

Which term best describes a group of people initiated into an age grade at the same time?
Select one:
A. stratified society.
B. open-class society.
C. verbal evaluation.
D. common-interest association.
E. social class.
F. age set.
G. age grade.
H. egalitarian society.
I. symbolic indicator.
J. mobility.

Which term permits a great deal of social mobility?
Select one:
A. social class.
B. verbal evaluation.
C. common-interest association.
D. egalitarian society.
E. mobility.
F. stratified society.
G. symbolic indicator.
H. age set.
I. open-class society.
J. caste.

Which term best describes the ability to change one's class position?
Select one:
A. age set.
B. social class.
C. mobility.
D. stratified society.
E. egalitarian society.
F. caste.
G. common-interest association.
H. symbolic indicator.
I. verbal evaluation.
J. age grade.

Which term best describes division of society into groups with unequal sharing of resources, prestige and influence?
Select one:
A. verbal evaluation.
B. symbolic indicator.
C. mobility.
D. common-interest association.
E. egalitarian society.
F. age grade.
G. stratified society.
H. age set.
I. social class.
J. caste.

Which term best describes what people say about others in their own society?
Select one:
A. mobility.
B. common-interest association.
C. symbolic indicator.
D. verbal evaluation.
E. age grade.
F. age set.
G. caste.
H. social class.
I. egalitarian society.
J. stratified society.

Which term best describes an activity or possession indicative of a given social class?
Select one:
A. social class.
B. verbal evaluation.
C. age grade.
D. caste.
E. common-interest association.
F. stratified society.
G. mobility.
H. symbolic indicator.
I. egalitarian society.
J. age set.

Of the following groups, the one that is based on an age grade is the:
Select one:
A. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
B. kindred.
C. warriors of the Tiriki.
D. castes in India.

The general purpose of age groupings is best described as a means of:
Select one:
A. identifying and separating those who are not productive due to age.
B. organizing those with a specific set of concerns and needs into one organization.
C. identifying a number of life stages.
D. preserving certain privileges for selected groups.

An age set is best defined as:
Select one:
A. all the people of the same age in a given population.
B. a group of people, based on age, who move through a series of stages together for much of their lives.
C. the individuals who actually hold membership in an organization based primarily on age.
D. an organized gorup of people based on age.

Common-interest associations are found in:
Select one:
A. traditional nonindustrial societies.
B. advanced industrial societies.
C. all of the above.
D. rapidly changing urban societies.

Of the following groups, the one that requires a deliberate act of joining, though not necessarily voluntary is:
Select one:
A. common-interest association.
B. caste.
C. social class.
D. age class.

The major purpose of associations formed in rapidly changing and newly urbanized societies is usually:
Select one:
A. preserving traditions.
B. providing members for various social roles.
C. adapting to new conditions.
D. political action.

The term stratified society refers to:
Select one:
A. a nobility or priesthood class.
B. formation of groups based on age.
C. the existence of a slave class.
D. ranking of classes based on wealth, power and prestige.

In a stratified society:
Select one:
A. an individual's position in society depends largely on his or her skills.
B. social mobility between classes is quite easy.
C. it is virtually impossible to move from one social level to another, except possibly by marriage.
D. various groups do not share equally in the basic resources that support life, influence and prestige.

In an egalitarian society:
Select one:
A. an individual's ranking depends upon his or her birth.
B. various groups are unequal in power and prestige.
C. an individual's position in society depends mostly on his or her own abilities.
D. there are great differences in rank and privilege.

The classic example of a system of social caste is found in:

Select one:
A. Western Europe.
B. South Africa.
C. Polynesia.
D. India.

Social mobility refers to the:
Select one:
A. amount of modern transportation available.
B. breakup of the extended family or kinship group influence.
C. ease with which one moves from one common-interest association to another.
D. possibility of changing one's social class membership.

Of the following factors, the one that may adversely affect mobility is:
Select one:
A. an extended family organization.
B. availability of educational opportunity.
C. extensive age grouping.
D. industrialization.

Which system is found in societies with larger populations and surplus of production?
Select one:
A. centralized political systems.
B. state.
C. political organization.
D. segmentary lineage system.
E. band.
F. age-grade organization.
G. legitimacy.
H. tribe.
I. chiefdom.

Which term best describes a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under one person?
Select one:
A. state.
B. band.
C. segmentary lineage system.
D. chiefdom.
E. political organization.
F. legitimacy.
G. centralized political systems.
H. age-grade organization.
I. tribe.

Which term best describes a system which is found in societies with larger populations and a surplus of production?
Select one:
A. chiefdom.
B. political organization.
C. legitimacy.
D. centralized political systems.
E. band.
F. tribe.
G. state.
H. age-grade organization.
I. segmentary lineage system.
E. segmentary lineage system.
F. age-grade organization.
G. band.
H. tribe.
I. centralized political systems.

Which term describes a political organization that cuts across territorial and kin groupings?
Select one:
A. chiefdom.
B. political organization.
C. segmentary lineage system.
D. centralized political systems.
E. band.
F. legitimacy.
G. age-grade organization.
H. tribe.
I. state.

Which term best describes support for the political system based on important values of the society?
Select one:
A. political organization.
B. tribe.
C. legitimacy.
D. segmentary lineage system.
E. state.
F. centralized political systems.
G. age-grade organizations.
H. band.
I. chiefdom.

Which term best describes a form of political organization in which a larger group is divided into clans and then into lineages?
Select one:
A. tribe.
B. legitimacy.
C. age-grade organization.
D. segmentary lineage system.
E. band.
F. political organization.
G. chiefdom.
H. centralized political system.
I. state.

Which term best describes a centralized system that has the power to coerce?
Select one:
A. centralized political systems.
B. political organization.
C. band.
D. chiefdom.
E. segmentary lineage system.
F. age-grade organization.
G. legitimacy.
H. state.
I. tribe.

Which term best describes a group of bands or villages integrated by several unifying factors, including language and culture?
Select one:
A. legitimacy.
B. centralized political systems.
C. age-grade organization.
D. state.
E. political organization.
F. band.
G. chiefdom.
H. tribe.
I. segmentary lineage system.

Which term best describes a small, autonomous group of related people occupying a single region?
Select one:
A. age-grade organization.
B. legitimacy.
C. band.
D. segmentary lineage system.
E. chiefdom.
F. political organization.
G. centralized political systems.
H. state.
I. tribe.

Which term best describes a form of externalized control that discourages certain behaviors?
Select one:
A. exploitative worldview.
B. tort.
C. naturalistic worldview.
D. negative sanctions.
E. social control.
F. adjudication.
G. formal sanctions.
H. mediation.
I. law.
J. internalized controls.

Which term best describes beliefs so strongly held that the individual controls his or her own conduct?
Select one:
A. tort.
B. adjudication.
C. negative sanctions.
D. social control.
E. mediation.
F. exploitative worldview.
G. naturalistic worldview.
H. formal sanctions.
I. internalized controls.
J. law.

Which term best describes an external sanction that requires the threat or application of physical force by an individual or organization having the socially recognized privilege of so acting?
Select one:
A. formal sanctions.
B. internalized controls.
C. exploitative worldview.
D. tort.
E. social control.
F. mediation.
G. negative sanctions.
H. naturalistic worldview.
I. adjudication.
J. law.

Which term best describes the concept that nature exists only to be used by humans?
Select one:
A. social control.
B. adjudication.
C. negative sanctions.
D. exploitative worldview.
E. internalized controls.
F. formal sanctions.
G. tort.
H. mediation.
I. naturalistic worldview.
J. law.

Which term best describes the methods employed to ensure acceptable behavior by members of a society?
Select one:
A. naturalistic worldview.
B. mediation.
C. formal sanctions.
D. internalized controls.
E. adjudication.
F. social control.
G. exploitative worldview.
H. law.
I. tort.
J. negative sanctions.

Which term best describes a wrongful act or injury of an individual?
Select one:
A. tort.
B. formal sanctions.
C. mediation.
D. naturalistic worldview.
E. adjudication.
F. law.
G. internalized controls.
H. exploitative worldview.
I. negative sanctions.
J. social control.

Which term best describes a system which requires a third party who has the power to render decisions?
Select one:
A. exploitative worldview.
B. mediation.
C. negative sanctions.
D. formal sanctions.
E. law.
F. internalized controls.
G. naturalistic worldview.
H. social control.
I. tort.
J. adjudication.

Which term best describes a concept based on respect for and dependence on nature?
Select one:
A. law.
B. exploitative worldview.
C. negative sanctions.
D. mediation.
E. social control.
F. adjudication.
G. internalized controls.
H. naturalistic worldview.
I. tort.
J. formal sanctions.

Which term best describes a system which requires a third party, who does not have power to enforce decisions?
Select one:
A. exploitative worldview.
B. naturalistic worldview.
C. mediation.
D. tort.
E. social control.
F. formal sanctions.
G. negative sanctions.
H. adjudication.
I. internalized controls.
J. law.

Which term best describes controls designed to regulate behavior precisely and explicitly?
Select one:
A. adjudication.
B. social control.
C. mediation.
D. law.
E. exploitative worldview.
F. internalized controls.
G. tort.
H. naturalistic worldview.
I. negative sanctions.
J. formal sanctions.

Political organizations are found in:
Select one:
A. tribes organized around descent groups.
B. societies encompassing many clans.
C. all of the above groups.
D. hunting-gathering bands.

The fundamental means by which societies maintain public order is by:
Select one:
A. political organization.
B. military and police power.
C. religious belief.
D. coercion.

Of the following terms, the one that is used by anthropologists to describe one kind of political system is:
Select one:
A. lineage.
B. clan.
C. kindred.
D. tribe.

The band represents:
Select one:
A. delegation of authority.
B. probably the oldest form of political organization.
C. the simplest centralized type of political organization.
D. the political integration of several clans.

In a chiefdom:
Select one:
A. every member of the society has a unique position in the hierarchy.
B. each kinship group is basically equal.
C. each male member of the society is basically equal.
D. the leaders are considered one class, the rest of the population another class.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the state pattern of political organization?
Select one:
A. tendency toward egalitarianism.
B. delegation of authority to maintain order.
C. varied social classes and associations.
D. market economy and unequal distribution of wealth.

The concept of legitimacy is an important aspect of:
Select one:
A. ownership of land.
B. support for the political system.
C. coercion.
D. hereditary ranking.

Religion is used to legitimize political structures and leadership:
Select one:
A. rarely.
B. chiefly in industrial societies.
C. in a wide range of societies.
D. chiefly in uncentralized political systems.

One of the most important basic functions of a political system is to:
Select one:
A. ensure that people behave in certain ways.
B. set up a system of laws for its subjects to follow.
C. oppose threats to its territorial sovereignty.
D. ensure that the values and beliefs of the society are passed on to succeeding generations.

The definition of law included in the textbook includes:
Select one:
A. a religious basis for the sanction.
B. the threat or use of physical force.
C. a formal hearing before a court or a judge.
D. a written code that defines the specific conduct.

A basic function of law includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Select one:
A. redefining social relations and ensuring social flexibility.
B. defining relationships among members of society.
C. protecting land or territory from misappropriation.
D. defining who has authority to employ coercion.

The term crime has different meaning in Western and non-Western societies because:
Select one:
A. some non-Western cultures do not attempt to maintain social control.
B. in most non-Western societies, a careful distinction is made between offenses against individuals and crimes against the social order.
C. the kinds of punishments applied vary from one society to another.
D. in many non-Western societies, all offenses are considered to be against individuals.

The assumption basic to the concept of trial by ordeal is that:
Select one:
A. a guilty person will be afraid to undergo any kind of test.
B. supernatural forces will protect the innocent and punish the guilty.
C. fear of punishment will prevent most offenses.
D. the stronger person deserves the support of the community.

The assumption basic to the concept of trial by ordeal is that:
Select one:
A. fear of punishment will prevent most offenses.
B. supernatural forces will protect the innocent and punish the guilty.
C. a guilty person will be afraid to undergo any kind of test.
D. the stronger person deserves the support of the community.

One of the differences between food foragers and agricultural or pastoral peoples that may account for different attitudes of these groups toward warfare is the:
Select one:
A. commitment to specific areas of land.
B. quality of food consumed by the various societies.
C. size of individual families.
D. manner in which children are nurtured.

The worldview of farming and pastoral societies tends to be:
Select one:
A. exploitative.
B. cooperative.
C. legalistic.
D. naturalistic.

A naturalistic worldview is best summed up as a:
Select one:
A. belief that all living things are controlled by spirits.
B. desire for combat with one's neighbors.
C. tendency to live in close harmony with nature.
D. belief that extracting what is needed from the environment is a "right".

Internalized controls are best defined as:
Select one:
A. spontaneous sanctions.
B. values and beliefs that the individual subscribes to in his or her own mind.
C. formal methods used by society to ensure an acceptable behavior pattern among its members.
D. methods of control that involve rewards or approval.

To maintain social order, the Amish of Pennsylvania mostly rely on:
Select one:
A. internal controls and formal sanctions.
B. formal sanctions and informal sanctions.
C. internal controls and informal sanctions.
D. external controls and internal controls.

Sanction is best defined as:
Select one:
A. a negative control.
B. a formal control.
C. an internalized control.
D. an externalized social control.

A formal sanction is always:
Select one:
A. in the form of punishment or threat.
B. organized.
C. spontaneous.
D. written in law.

Approval of a marriage arrangement by neighbors would be classified as a:
Select one:
A. positive informal sanction.
B. negative informal sanction.
C. negative formal sanction.
D. positive formal sanction.

Viewing societies as a whole, it has been found that women reach high positions of political leadership:
Select one:
A. frequently.
B. in most food-foraging societies.
C. as often as men.
D. rarely.

In a large number of traditional societies, women's influence on social control is:
Select one:
A. less than men's.
B. almost nonexistent.
C. equal to men's.
D. greater than men's.

Which term best describes the belief that spirit beings animate nature?
Select one:
A. pantheon.
B. shaman.
C. divination.
D. magic.
E. religion.
F. ancestral spirits.
G. ritual.
H. animism.
I. rites of intensification.
J. rites of passage.

Which term best describes rituals marking important stages in the life of an individual?
Select one:
A. rites of intensification.
B. animism.
C. pantheon.
D. ritual.
E. religion.
F. ancestral spirits.
G. magic.
H. shaman.
I. rites of passage.
J. divination.

Which term best describes a collection of the gods and goddesses of a people?
Select one:
A. ritual.
B. religion.
C. pantheon.
D. rites of passage.
E. magic.
F. shaman.
G. divination.
H. animism.
I. ancestral spirits.
J. rites of intensification.

Which term best describes any form of manipulation of supernatural beings and powers?
Select one:
A. religion.
B. divination.
C. ritual.
D. magic.
E. rites of intensification.
F. animism.
G. shaman.
H. pantheon.
I. ancestral spirits.
J. witchcraft.

Which term best describes the procedure for determining the cause of an event or predicting the future?
Select one:
A. animism.
B. divination.
C. religion.
D. rites of passage.
E. ancestral spirits.
F. shaman.
G. pantheon.
H. ritual.
I. witchcraft.
J. magic.

Which term best describes the use of specified rituals and formulas to compel supernatural forces to behave in desired ways?
Select one:
A. animism.
B. religion.
C. witchcraft.
D. magic.
E. rites of passage.
F. pantheon.
G. shaman.
H. ancestral spirits.
I. ritual.
J. divination.

Which term best describes one who develops special religious powers through his or her own initiative?
Select one:
A. pantheon.
B. shaman.
C. animism.
D. magic.
E. ritual.
F. witchcraft.
G. religion.
H. rites of intensification.
I. ancestral spirits.
J. divination.

Which term best describes an entity which is believed to display many of the traits of living humans?
Select one:
A. shaman.
B. ancestral spirits.
C. magic.
D. rites of passage.
E. animism.
F. religion.
G. ritual.
H. divination.
I. witchcraft.
J. pantheon.

Which term best describes a belief that some persons have an innate psychic power to cause harm?
Select one:
A. ancestral spirits.
B. pantheon.
C. religion.
D. witchcraft.
E. divination.
F. rites of intensification.
G. shaman.
H. magic.
I. ritual.
J. animism.

Which term best describes a means through which an individual relates to the supernatural?
Select one:
A. divination.
B. pantheon.
C. witchcraft.
D. animism.
E. ritual.
F. shaman.
G. rites of passage.
H. ancestral spirits.
I. religion.
J. magic.

Which term best describes rituals marking crises in the life of the group?
Select one:
A. magic.
B. animism.
C. rites of passage.
D. rites of intensification.
E. ritual.
F. shaman.
G. divination.
H. religion.
I. ancestral spirits.
J. pantheon.

According to anthropological definition religion always involves:
Select one:
A. the use of known technology to solve problems.
B. employment of specific formulas to compel desired actions.
C. any kind of gathering that promotes social solidarity.
D. rituals to mobilize supernatural forces to achieve or prevent transformations.

Comparison of religious activity in most Western societies with that in most food-foraging societies shows that:
Select one:
A. food-foraging societies have few religious activities.
B. Western societies are more likely to experience decreasing interest in religious activities.
C. Western societies are more likely to include religious activity in their daily routine.
D. food-foraging societies are more likely to include religious activity in their daily routine.

Because religion fulfills many social and psychological needs, some form of religion has been found in all:
Select one:
A. food-foraging societies and most agricultural societies.
B. societies.
C. industrial societies and a few food-foraging societies.
D. farming societies and most pastoral societies.

Supernatural beings, often with humanlike qualities, who seem rather remote yet control the universe and take an interest in human affairs are called:
Select one:
A. gods and goddesses.
B. nature spirits.
C. mana.
D. ancestral spirits.

Whether groups worship gods or goddesses or both depends mostly upon:
Select one:
A. none of the above.
B. whether the society is primarily agricultural or pastoral.
C. how men and women relate to each other in the society.
D. the region of the world that gave rise to the culture.

Animism refers to belief in:
Select one:
A. gods and goddesses.
B. spirit beings that live in natural objects.
C. impersonal supernatural powers.
D. gods with animal shapes.

Mana is a name given to:
Select one:
A. nature spirits and is an example of animism.
B. nature spirits and is an example of animism.
C. an imprsonal abstract force and is an example of animatism.
D. a goddess in a pantheon and is an example of animism.
E. ancestral spirits and is an example of animatism.

Archaeology is best defined as the study of:
Select one:
A. ancient ruins.
B. behaviour by firsthand observation.
C. material remains.
D. food production techniques.

Shamans gain their powers through:
Select one:
A. individual effort and perform services on behalf of supernatural powers.
B. individual effort and perform services on behalf of human clients.
C. formal instruction and perform services on behalf of human clients.
D. formal instruction and perform services on behalf of supernatural powers.

Religious rituals function generally as a means of:
Select one:
A. enabling people to relate to the supernatural.
B. reaffirming the stuatus of priests and shamans.
C. honoring spirit beings.
D. controlling supernatural forces.

A ceremony marking a crucial point in the life of an individual is called a rite of:
Select one:
A. incorporation.
B. passage.
C. intensification.
D. transition.

Marriage is classified as a rite of:
Select one:
A. passage.
B. intensification.
C. incorporation.
D. separation.

From the viewpoint of anthropology, magic is the:
Select one:
A. use of specific formulas to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways.
B. belief in any ancestral or nature spirit.
C. use of supernatural means to cause harm or injury.
D. belief in any supernatural power or force.

Divination is defined, in part, as:
Select one:
A. determination of the cause of an event by magical means.
B. the study of spirits associated with objects and living things.
C. the entire group of gods and goddesses recognized by a particular society.
D. a way to cause harm, such as illness, through the use of magical forumulas.

According to the textbook, the psychological functions of religion include all of the following EXCEPT:
Select one:
A. validating the political and social organization of a culture.
B. reducing anxiety by explaining the unknown.
C. transferring responsibility for decision making from the individual to the supernatural.
D. the promise of supernatural aid.

According to the textbook, the social functions of religion include all of the following EXCEPT:
Select one:
A. sanctioning an acceptable range of conduct.
B. setting precedents for acceptable behavior.
C. helping to maintain social solidarity.
D. providing an outlet for unstable personalities.

A deliberate effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture results in:
Select one:
A. development of pantheons.
B. a type of animism.
C. attempts to apply magical formulas.
D. revitalization movements.

Which term best describes scale systems and their modifications?
Select one:
A. epic.
B. myth.
C. motif.
D. folkloristics.
E. tonality.
F. iconic images.
G. ethnomusicology.
H. legend.
I. tale.
J. folklore.

Which term best describes a long oral narrative that recounts the life of a real or legendary person?

Select one:
A. ethnomusicology.
B. folklore.
C. iconic images.
D. tonality.
E. motif.
F. tale.
G. myth.
H. legend.
I. epic.

Which term best describes a study of verbal art forms?
Select one:
A. epic.
B. iconic images.
C. motif.
D. myth.
E. legend.
F. folklore.
G. tonality.
H. ethnomusicology.
I. folkloristics.
J. tale.

Which term best describes a story situation in a folk tale?
Select one:
A. epic.
B. motif.
C. tonality.
D. ethnomusicology.
E. tale.
F. folklore.
G. myth.
H. folkloristics.
I. legend.
J. iconic images.

Which term best describes beings "seen" in the deepest stage of a trance?
Select one:
A. folkloristics.
B. folklore.
C. iconic images.
D. tale.
E. epic.
F. motif.
G. legend.
H. tonality.
I. myth.
J. ethnomusicology.

Which term best describes a sacred narrative explaining how the world came to be?
Select one:
A. ethnomusicology.
B. folklore.
C. folkloristics.
D. legend.
E. tale.
F. motif.
G. tonality.
H. iconic images.
I. myth.
J. epic.

Which term best describes a creative, fictional narrative?
Select one:
A. folkloristics.
B. legend.
C. motif.
D. tale.
E. tonality.
F. myth.
G. epic.
H. folklore.
I. ethnomusicology.
J. iconic images.

Which term best describes traditional oral stories and sayings?
Select one:
A. epic.
B. folklore.
C. ethnomusicology.
D. tonality.
E. tale.
F. myth.
G. iconic images.
H. legend.
I. motif.
J. folkloristics.

Which term best describes a story told as true, set in the postcreation world?
Select one:
A. ethnomusicology.
B. epic.
C. tonality.
D. folklore.
E. motif.
F. iconic images.
G. folkloristics.
H. myth.
I. tale.
J. legend.

Which term best describes the study of a society's music in relation to its cultural setting?
Select one:
A. epic.
B. motif.
C. tonality.
D. iconic images.
E. folkloristics.
F. myth.
G. ethnomusicology.
H. folklore.
I. tale.
J. legend.

The principal reason anthropologists study a culture's arts is that the arts:
Select one:
A. reflect the values and concerns of the people who create them.
B. are the only way to understand the culture's religion.
C. provide insight into practical matters.
D. are the only nonsymbolic form of communication.

Art always includes an aspect of:
Select one:
A. religious belief.
B. symbolic communication.
C. practical use.
D. humor.

The textbook says that art contributes to:
Select one:
A. preservation of historical information.
B. illustrations of moral principles or practical advice.
C. an explanation of society's worldview.
D. interpretation, expression and enjoyment of life.

Artistic expression has been found by anthropologists:
Select one:
A. in some form in all human societies.
B. chiefly in literate and semiliterate societies.
C. primarily in hunting-gathering and complex industrial societies.
D. primarily in Western countries.

In the textbook, Haviland tentatively suggest that art is universal because art:
Select one:
A. began as an attempt to communicate with spirits.
B. began as an attempt to organize people's activities.
C. is derived from religion.
D. is a necessary kind of social behavior.

A true myth is basically a:
Select one:
A. fictional narrative, told for entertainment.
B. long oral narrative recounting the glorious events in the life of a legendary person.
C. story told as true, set in the postcreation world.
D. sacred narrative explaining how the world came to be in its present form.

In nonliterate societies, legends serve a function that, in Western societies, has been taken over by the formal study of:
Select one:
A. science.
B. religion.
C. history.
D. sociology.

An epic can be described as a:
Select one:
A. story generally accepted as fiction.
B. long semihistorical narrative.
C. short account of a fictional event.
D. narrative that explains creation.

A verbal art form recognized as fiction but conveying a moral or practical advice is:
Select one:
A. a myth.
B. a tale.
C. a legend.
D. an epic.

example of a social function of music shown in the video program was:
Select one:
A. Tibetan creation of a Buddhist mandala.
B. Tex-Mex music.
C. Tutankhamen's tomb.
D. Christo's running fence.

Select one:
A. a formless range of possible sounds.
B. a repertory of tones at regular intervals. 
C. a random imitation of natural music.
D. sounds that are "in tune" to everyone who hears them.

As a type of symbolic expression, pictorial art can be described as ranging from:
Select one:
A. representational to abstract.
B. naturalistic to exploitative.
C. stylistic to exaggerated.
D. ugly to beautiful.

Which term best describes a division of a single traditional role into two more roles, each with a single function:
Select one:
A. structural differentiation.
B. acculturation.
C. diffusion.
D. genocide.
E. primary innovation.
F. syncretism.
G. secondary innovation.
H. modernization.
I. revolutionary.
J. applied anthropology.

Which term best describes a revitalization movement from within, directed primarily at the ideological system and social structure?
Select one:
A. revitalization movement.
B. acculturation.
C. syncretism.
D. genocide.
E. modernization.
F. primary innovation.
G. applied anthropology.
H. revolutionary.
I. secondary innovation.
J. diffusion.

Which term best describes the spread of customs or practices from one culture to another?
Select one:
A. revolutionary.
B. secondary innovation.
C. diffusion.
D. acculturation.
E. syncretism.
F. structural differentiation.
G. applied anthropology.
H. modernization.
I. primary innovation.
J. genocide.

What term best describes the blending of indigenous and foreign traits to form a new system?
Select one:
A. integrative mechanism.
B. cultural loss
C. primary innovation
D. revitalization movement.
E. syncretism.
F. revolutionary.
G. acculturation.
H. diffusion.
I. structural differentiation.
J. modernization.

Which term best describes a chance discovery of a new principle?
Select one:
A. revolutionary.
B. diffusion.
C. acculturation.
D. modernization.
E. revitalization movement.
F. genocide.
G. syncretism.
H. secondary innovation.
I. integrative mechanism.
J. primary innovation.

Which term best describes major culture changes that people are forced to make and that result from intensive contract between societies?
Select one:
A. structural differentiation.
B. syncretism.
C. applied anthropology.
D. primary innovation.
E. modernization.
F. revolutionary.
G. secondary innovation.
H. genocide.
I. diffusion.
J. acculturation.

Which term best describes cultural elements that oppose forces for differentiation?
Select one:
A. acculturation.
B. syncretism.
C. revolutionary.
D. applied anthropology.
E. cultural loss.
F. modernization.
G. revitalization movement.
H. structural differentiation.
I. integrative mechanism.
J. genocide.

Which term best describes a deliberate attempt to construct a more satisfactory culture by rapid acceptance of multiple innovations?
Select one:
A. revitalization movement.
B. secondary innovation.
C. revolutionary.
D. syncretism.
E. acculturation.
F. structural differentiation.
G. genocide.
H. applied anthropology.
I. modernization.
J. primary innovation.

Which term best describes a change in which a practice, skill, or belief ceases, with or without replacement?
Select one:
A. diffusion.
B. modernization.
C. structural differentiation.
D. integrative mechanism.
E. acculturation.
F. cultural loss.
G. revitalization.
H. primary innovation.
I. genocide.
J. syncretism.

Which term best describes something new that comes from the deliberate application of known principles?
Select one:
A. primary innovation.
B. structural differentiation.
C. syncretism.
D. applied anthropology.
E. revolutionary.
F. revitalization movement.
G. acculturation.
H. secondary innovation.
I. diffusion.
J. genocide.

Which term best describes extermination of one people by another?
Select one:
A. structural differentiation.
B. syncretism.
C. genocide.
D. diffusion.
E. revolutionary.
F. applied anthropology.
G. acculturation.
H. secondary innovation.
I. revitalization movement.
J. primary innovation.

Which term best describes the use of anthropology to solve practical problems, often for a specific client?
Select one:
A. secondary innovation.
B. applied anthropology.
C. structural differentiation.
D. diffusion.
E. syncretism.
F. primary innovation.
G. integrative. mechanism.
H. applied anthropology.
I. acculturation.
J. genocide.

Which term best describes the process by which traditional or developing societies acquire characteristics of Western industrialization societies?
Select one:
A. integrative mechanism.
B. diffusion.
C. acculturation.
D. cultural loss.
E. syncretism.
F. revitalization movement..
G. genocide.
H. structural differentiation.
I. modernization.
J. revolutionary.

Significant changes in culture may result from:
Select one:
A. forced or selective contact with other cultures.
B. all of the above.
D. accidents.

Left to itself, a society's cultural pattern will usually:
Select one:
A. change gradually, consistent with its basic pattern.
B. degenerate rather quickly into small factions.
C. change rapidly and dramatically.
D. rapidly but smoothly develop new practices and beliefs.

A new practice, tool, or principle that becomes widely accepted within a group is called:
Select one:
A. an acculturation.
B. a diffusion.
C. an innovation.
D. a cultural challenge.

Pottery manufacturing with fired clay is considered a primary innovation because it:
Select one:
A. involved application of known techniques to new uses.
B. involved the chance discovery of new principles.
C. was discovered by more than one culture.
D. caused formation of a substantially new culture.

Diffusion can be described as basically:
Select one:
A. voluntary and selective.
B. forced and selective.
C. voluntary and disruptive.
D. selective and disruptive.

In the process of diffusion an innovation is usually:
Select one:
A. rejected completely to protect the values of the culture.
B. modified to fit into the originating culture.
C. accepted so widely that the culture loses its identity.
D. modified to fit into the borrowing culture. 

Adoption of a different practice or technology may lead to a culture loss because:
Select one:
A. Western technology and innovation may upset major segments of the society.
B. any innovation usually leads to new innovations.
C. the former practice may be forgotten through disuse.
D. the society may selectively reject the new ways.

Acculturation is characterized by:
Select one:
A. threat of force and massive change.
B. voluntary decisions and selective choice.
C. voluntary decisions and massive change.
D. selective choice and massive change.

Systematic efforts that result in extermination of one people by another is termed:
Select one:
A. acculturation.
B. nativism.
C. genocide.
D. syncretism.

Applied anthropology most frequently involves:
Select one:
A. study of historical changes that earlier affected a society.
B. assistance for a group that wants to impose changes on another group.
C. assistance for a society that wants to modernize.
D. helping a society preserve traditional arts and crafts.

A situation that may lead to rebellion and revolution is:
Select one:
A. the practice of shamanism in the society.
B. loss of prestige by an established authority.
C. increased expectations of material wealth.
D. a change in environmental conditions.

All of the following groups are examples of revitalization movements EXCEPT:

Select one:
A. Mormons.
B. the "religious right".
C. Branch Davidians.
D. Black Muslims.

Syncretism is best defined as:
Select one:
A. rejection of new ways and return to old patterns.
B. blending of indigenous and foreign traits.
C. disappearance of a cultural trait.
D. rebellion without revolutionary change.

The term modernization reflects the belief that:
Select one:
A. food-foraging and pastoral societies are superior to other culture patterns.
B. Western industrial societies are superior to traditional societies.
C. anthropologists should assist societies that wish to change.
D. nonrenewable resources should be used carefully, if at all.

A tendence toward a global culture is seen in the present-day:
Select one:
A. countries that contain more than one distinct society.
B. widespread adoption of the beliefs of traditional societies.
C. resurgence of movements toward ethnic independence.
D. widespread adoption of the practices of Western societies.

The union of smaller units into larger political and social units on a worldwide basis:
Select one:
A. now seems to be balanced by a tendency of large units to fragment.
B. has never been a tendency of human societies.
C. can be expected to occur more frequently, since no forces work against it.
D. occurs today at an increasing rate.

Anthropologists generally hold a strong belief in the:
Select one:
A. need to return to egalitarianism.
B. need for modernization.
C. desirability of progress.
D. value of every human society.