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autoimmune disease
aberrant immune response targeted to self-antigens
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characteristics of autoimmune disease
progressive worsening, relapsing/remitting, involving many aspects of the immune system, epitope spreading.
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Immune system error in Lupus
failure to clear self Ag-IgG complex, leads complex deposition in capillaries and capillary damage and release of more Ag
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Immune system error in type 1 diabetes
CD8* T cells attack beta cells in the pancreas
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epitope spreading
an increase in the diversity of responses to autoantigens as the autoimmune reaction persists
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mutualism
both species benefit from and depend on each other for survival
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Commensalism
One species benefit while the other one is unaffected
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Symbiosis
interaction between two different organisms living in the same area
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peyer's patch
lymphoid tissue in sub-epithelial space, gut associated lymphoid tissue
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what are M cells
specialized epithelial cells which transport Ag and PAMPS from intestinal lumen to the Peyer's patch
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Main T cell dependent class switch in mucosal tissue
IgA
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main type of tolerance in the microbiome
regulatory cells (suppression of Th effector cells)
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regulatory cells that ensure tolerance to the microbiome
intestinal macrophages, suppressor DC, T regulatory cells
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function of intestinal macrophages in tolerance
remove antigens from lumen and transfer to suppressor DC in the patch
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function of suppressor DC in tolerance
secretes IL-10 and and induce Treg
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function of Treg in tolerance
suppress adaptive immune responses
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breaking of tolerance to the microbiome
IBD - more activation than suppression
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common characteristics of an infection
- pathogen will enter through an epithelial barrier
- once penetrated, replicate in host tissue
- induce disease when pathogen has established focus of infection and spread
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facultative pathogenic bacteria
- cause trauma and invade epithelial
- aka opportunistic
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virulence factors
pathogenic bacteria use this to invade tissue, cause disease, and evade host tissue
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