Anatomy and Physiology

Imaginary line through the body or organ to separate it into specific sections.

Divides the body/organ into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections

• Any body part can be superior or inferior depending on the reference point.
• The knee is superior to the ankle but inferior to the hip

Towards the head or towards the tail

Divides the body into right and left halves

Divides the body into front and back sections

Toward or on the front of the body

Toward or on the back of the body

Near the point of reference

Away from the point of reference

On the outside

On the inside

At the body surface

Under the body surface

Locations around the center of the body

Surrounding or outer regions

Toward the midline

Toward the sides

• Right Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Left Hypochondriac
• Right Lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left Lumbar
• Right Iliac
• Hypogastric
• Left Iliac

Forearm

Depressed area in front of elbow

Armpit

Upper Arm

Inside Cheek

Wrist

Neck

Fingers

Upper inner thigh

Buttocks

Lower Back

Nose

Mouth

Eye Region

Knee

Foot

Sole of foot

Genital area

Shoulder blades region

Breastbone area

Chest area

• Held together by short connective tissue strands, generally immobile.
• The sutures in the skull

• Held together by cartilage, slightly mobile.
• The pubic symphysis and the joints between the ribs and sternum

Joined by a joint cavity lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, which decreases the friction in the joint

• Type of synovial joint
• Also called a rotary joint. Circular portion of one bone spins inside a ring-shaped portion attached to the other bone by a ligament. These joints allow rotation around a single axis
• Examples: Atlantoaxial Joint between Atlas and Axis in the cervical neck. The proximal and distal ends of the radius where it joins the ulna

• Type of synovial joint
• A ball shaped or spherical bone that articulates with a cup shaped socket on the other bone. These joints allow for multidirectional movement including rotation.
• Examples: Hips and Shoulders

• Type of synovial joint
• One bone is a cylinder, the other a trough. These joints only allow for opening or closing, there is no rotation or sideways movement.
• Examples: ankle, elbow, knees and fingers

• Type of synovial joint
• Flat or platelike bones which glide over each other offering a wide range of motion.
• Examples: Carpals (the little bones below the wrist) and Tarsals (the little bones below the ankle), Zygopophyseal Joints (the small gliding joints between the vertebral arches)

• Type of synovial joint
• Both bone ends have a concave and convex part that fit into each other and allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
• Example: Thumbs

• Type of synovial joint
• The two connecting bones both have oval shaped ends allowing for angular movement along two axes.
• Examples: The wrist, the metacarpophalangeal joints (the big knuckles between the fingers and the hand) and metatarsophalangeal joint (the big knuckles between the toes and the foot)

• Occurs when the joint is bent, decreasing the angle between the involved bones.
• Example: bending the leg at the knee

• A result of straightening a joint so the angle between the bones increases.
• Example: kicking a ball

• Occurs with the top of the foot points away from the leg.
• Example: pointing or standing on ones toes

• When the foot is bent up towards the leg
• Example: standing on a step and lowering the heel to produce a stretch at the back of the leg

When the joint is forced to straighten beyond its normal, healthy range of motion

Movement away from the body

Movement towards the body

The turning in of the sole of the foot towards the other foot

The turning out of the sole of the foot away from the other foot

Moving in circles

When the hand is held palm up

When the hand is held palm down

• Forward movement of the body part
• Example: Jaw thrust forward away from the neck

• Backward movement of the body part
• Example: Jaw drawn back towards the neck

• Spinning movement
• Example: Moving the head to look from one side to the other

When the bones of the joint cease to line up properly. Most common in shoulders, hips, and knees. Can cause nerve and ligament damage

• When a medical professional applies pressure to make the bones or the joint go back into place. The affected joint/bone is then immobilized to allow for healing
• Think Pull and Pop – no incision is made.

When the joint/bone cannot be reset by a closed reduction, an incision will have to be made and the joint/bone will have to be reset internally.

80 bones consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the spinal column. Supports and protects the organs of the body

126 bones consisting of the hip and shoulder girdles as well as the arms and legs

• 7 – Atlas, Axix, C1 - C5
• Tip – a sore neck hurts 7 days a week

• 12 – T1 – T12
• Tip – 12 months in a year and twelve pair of ribs

• 5 – L1-L5
• Tip – 5 fingers on your hand to massage your lower back

• The large triangular bone at the base of the spine consisting of 5 fused sacral vertebra S1-S5.
• Fact – The sacral vertebra completes its fusion between the ages of 18 and 30.

The tiny bone at the end of the spinal column, also known as the tail bone.

Condition in which the upper portion of the spine exhibits a posterior curve or hump

Condition in which the lumbar spine exhibits an anterior curve or swayback

• Inflamation of the joint/synovial membrane
• Treatment: Hot and Cold packs, weight loss, yoga, tai chi, exercise as tolerated

• Degenerative condition in which a joint wears out. Can be the result of aging, sports injuries, trauma, obesity, or family history
• Treatment: Non weight bearing exercise as tolerated, medical intervention

• Chronic, autoimmune disease affecting the connective tissue of the body which causes deformity.
• Treatment: Range of motion exercises as tolerated, medical intervention

• Inflammation of the bursa sacs which causes limited range of motion, pain on movement, and swelling. Commonly caused by repetitive movements.
• Treatment: Range of motion exercises after pain subsides, medical intervention

• Anterior (on the outside or lateral) or Posterior (on the inside or medial) caused by contact such as sports injuries or non-contact such as twisting the leg incorrectly
• Treatment: Medical Intervention

• A metabolic disease which causes the deposit of uric acid crystals in the synovial fluid eliciting excruciating pain
• Treatment: medical intervention

• Decreasing bone density with increasing risk of fracture. Bones become porous or spongy in appearance
• Treatment: weight bearing exercise, medical intervention and lifestyle changes

• Inflamed tendons
• Treatment: Medical intervention

• Attach muscles to bones
• Strains are stretching or tearing of the tendons

• Attach bone to bone
• Sprains are stretching or tearing of the ligaments