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A series of measurements that help determine the current health and fitness level of a client
Comprehensive Fitness Assessment
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Information that is gathered from a client including health history and medical background
Subjective information
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Measurable data about a client's physical state such as body composition, movement, and cardiovascular ability.
Objective information
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Medications that decrease heart rate and blood pressure
Beta-blockers
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Knowing a client's occupation provides insight into what?
Movement capacity and potential repetitive movements
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What is considered relevant information regarding a client's occupation and movement capacity?
Extended periods of sitting, repetitive movements, dress shoes, mental stress
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What are some lifestyle questions the fitness professional should ask when conducting a fitness assessment?
Recreation and hobbies
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Questionnaire designed to help qualify a person to participate in exercise, and determine if referral to a physician is needed
Physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q)
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A client's chronic conditions, past surgeries, injuries, and medications
Medical history
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What can be caused by Injuries or past surgery if not properly rehabilitated?
- Pain
- inflammation
- increased risk of re-injury
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What percentage of Americans do not engage in at least 30 minutes of low-to-moderate activity every day?
75%
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Heart disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease, type I and II diabetes, and arthritis are all common examples of what?
Chronic conditions
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Something specifically detrimental to an individual due to a special need or chronic condition
Contraindicated
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What position is contraindicated for individuals with high blood pressure?
Supine
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What is the procedure for taking a client's radial pulse?
- Touch should be gentle
- take when the client is calm
- Two fingers along the right ride of the arm just above the thumb
- Take for 60 seconds
- Average over three days while taking the pulse at the same time each day
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Pulse taken on the neck to the side of the larynx
Carotid pulse
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What are the 5 types of objective assessments that can be performed with clients as part of a comprehensive fitness assessment?
- Physiological
- postural
- performance
- body composition
- cardiorespiratory
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What determines a client's baseline levels from which to compare progress to at later dates?
Objective assessments
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What provides information about a client's overall health, such as resting heart rate and blood pressure?
Physiological assessments
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What is the average resting heart rate for a male?
70 bpm
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What is the average resting heart rate for a female?
75 bpm
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The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels after blood is ejected from the heart
Blood pressure
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The pressure within the arterial system after the heart contracts
Systolic (top number of blood pressure reading)
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The pressure within the arterial system when the heart is resting and filling with blood
Diastolic (bottom number of blood pressure reading)
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What is an acceptable systolic blood pressure?
less than 120 mm hg
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What is an acceptable diastolic blood pressure?
less than 80 mm hg
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An indication that the client's ankle complex will be in a
plantar flexed position for extended periods of time based on occupation
Wearing dress shoes
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What are some methods for measuring body fat?
- Underwater weighing
- bioelectrical impedance
- skin-fold calipers
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Where does the very high BMI score begin for non-athletes?
35
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The method of measuring body fat percentages that conducts an electrical current through the body to measure fat
Bioelectrical impedance
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What are the four skin fold sites tested when using the Durnin-Womersly formula for body fat assessment?
- Biceps
- triceps
- subscapular
- iliac crest
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What is the at-risk waist-to-hip ratio for females?
0.8
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What is the at-risk waist-to-hip ratio for males?
0.95
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Risk for disease increases when a non-athlete's BMI exceeds what?
25
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What is the equation used to assess a client's body mass index (BMI)?
Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
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For which clients is the use of skin calipers not recommended?
Very overweight clients
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Where is the hip measurement taken when conducting circumference measurements?
Widest portion of the buttocks
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Why should the fitness professional obtain client circumference measurements in the initial assessment?
- Provides feedback about client progress
- can be used to calculate waist-to-hip ratio
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What is the most important factor to consider when taking circumference measurements?
Consistency
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Why is BMI a poor indicator of body fat versus lean body mass?
Only takes weight and height into account
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The relative percentage of body weight that is fat vs. fat-free tissue
Body composition
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What is the typical body fat percentage for healthy, active men?
10-20%
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What is the typical body fat percentage for healthy, active women?
20-30%
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Assessment that assumes the fat present in the subcutaneous regions of the body is proportional to the overall body fatness
Skinfold measurement
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What is the technique for biceps skinfold measurement?
Vertical fold on the front of the arm over the center of the biceps muscle
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What is the technique for triceps skinfold measurement?
Vertical fold on the back of the arm half way between the shoulder and the elbow
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What is the technique for subscapular skinfold measurement?
45 degree angle, 1 -2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula
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What is the technique for iliac crest skinfold measurement?
45 degree angle just above the iliac crest and medial to the axillary line
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On which side of the body should all skinfold measurements be taken?
Right side
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Which is the BMI range with the lowest risk of disease?
22 - 24.9
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What are the two common sub-maximal assessments that measure cardiorespiratory capability?
- YMCA 3-minute step test
- Rockport walk test
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A zone of cardiorespiratory training when a client scores poor or fair during submaximal cardio assessments
Zone one
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What is the straight percentage equation for predicting max heart rate?
220-age
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What is the regression formula for determining HRmax?
208 - (0.7 x age)
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The greatest number of times an individual's heart beats in 1 minute at maximal exertion
Maximal heart rate (HRmax)
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What are the criteria for performing the 3-minute step test?
- 96 steps per minute
- 12 inch step, for 3 minutes.
- Take pulse for 60 seconds within 5 seconds of the completing the exercise.
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What is the percentage range of HRmax for training zone 1?
65-75%
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What is the percentage range of HRmax for training zone 2?
76-85%
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What is the percentage range of HRmax for training zone 3?
86-95%
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What is the technique for performing the Rockport walk test?
- Record client's weight
- have client walk 1 mile as fast as they can without breaking into a jog
- Record the time it takes to complete the
- walk
- Record the recovery pulse for 1 minute
- Use formula to determine VO2 score
- Align to heart rate zone
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What is the observable movement compensation when the hip flexor complex and erector spinae are overactive?
Low back arches
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What is the observable movement compensation when the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and levator scapulae are overactive?
- Shoulder elevation
- head protrudes forward
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Assessments that measure upper extremity neuromuscular efficiency
Pushing and pulling assessment
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What develops when the structural integrity of the body has
been compromised as a result of a disruption in one or more of the
components of the kinetic chain?
Postural distortion patterns
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Which muscles could possibly be tight or overactive if a client
demonstrates feet turning out during the overhead squat assessment?
- Soleus
- lateral gastrocnemius
- biceps femoris
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Which muscles are overactive if the client's knees move inward?
- Adductor complex
- Biceps femoris
- TFL
- Vastus lateralis
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Which muscles are overactive if a client's low back arches during the overhead squat assessment?
- Hip flexor complex
- erector spinae
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Which muscles are underactive if a client's feet turn out during an overhead squat assessment?
- Medial gastrocnemius
- medial hamstring
- gracilis
- sartorius
- popliteus
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Which muscles are underactive when a client's arms fall forward during an overhead squat assessment?
- Middle/lower trapezius
- rhomboids
- rotator cuff
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Which muscles are overactive when a client's head protrudes forward during a pushing assessment?
- Upper trapezius
- sternocleidomastoid
- levator scapulae
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Which muscles are underactive when a client's head protrudes forward during a pulling assessment?
Deep cervical flexors
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What strengthening exercise is recommended when a client's feet turn out on the overhead squat assessment?
Single-leg balance reach
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What strengthening exercise is recommended for an elevated shoulder movement compensation during the pushing assessment?
Ball cobra
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What muscles are most appropriate to stretch for a client whose arms fall forward during an overhead squat assessment?
- Latissimus dorsi
- thoracic spine
- pectorals
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What muscles are most appropriate to stretch for a client who exhibits an arched lower back during an overhead squat assessment?
- Hip flexor complex
- latissimus dorsi
- erector spinae
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With which movement compensations is the latissimus dorsi indicated as being overactive in the overhead squat assessment?
- Low back arches
- arms fall forward
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Which muscles should be foam rolled when a client exhibits an excessive forward lean?
- Hip flexor complex
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
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Which muscles are underactive when a client's knees move inward during a single-leg squat assessment?
- Gluteus medius
- gluteus maximus
- vastus medialis oblique
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What is a recommended strengthening exercise for a client who exhibits arms falling forward during an overhead squat assessment?
Squat to row
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At what level is a client instructed to squat to when performing the overhead squat assessment?
Height of a chair
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Which dysfunctional areas often result in noncontact related knee injuries?
Ankle and hip dysfunction
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The alignment of the musculoskeletal system, which allows our center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
Structural efficiency
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The alignment and function of all components of the kinetic chain under the direct control of the central nervous system
Posture
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Which compensations can be observed during the overhead squat assessment from the lateral view?
- Low back arch
- excessive forward lean
- arms fall forward
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Which compensations can be observed during the overhead squat assessment from the anterior view?
- Feet turn out
- knees move inward
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Which muscles are overactive in low back arches movement compensation?
- Hip flexor complex
- erector spinae
- latissimus dorsi
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Which muscles are underactive when the knee moves inward on single-leg squat assessment?
- Gluteus medius
- gluteus maximus
- vastus medialis oblique
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What is the tempo for a pulling assessment?
Perform it controlled
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What movement compensations can be observed during pushing assessment?
- Low back arches
- shoulder elevation
- protruding head
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What is the view for single-leg squat assessment?
Anterior
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Which muscles are underactive when the shoulders elevate in a pushing assessment?
Middle and lower trapezius
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What are the dynamic postural assessments (movement)?
- overhead squat assessment
- single-leg squat assessment
- pushing assessment
- pulling assessment
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What movement compensations observed when the abdominal complex is overactive?
Excessive forward lean
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What movement compensations can overactive biceps femoris cause in the overhead squat assessment?
- Feet turn out
- knees move inward
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What movement compensations can underactive gluteus maximus cause during overhead squat assessment?
- Knees move inward
- excessive forward lean
- low back arches
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What movement compensations can be observed in the overhead squat assessment when rotator cuff muscles are underactive?
Arms fall forward
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What is a corrective strategy for knees move inward (as seen in the overhead squat assessment)?
Tube walking
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What is a corrective strategy for feet turning out on overhead squat assessment?
Single-leg balance reach
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What is a corrective strategy for arms fall forward (as seen in the overhead squat assessment)?
Squat to row
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What is a recommended strengthening exercise for shoulders elevated in pushing assessment?
Ball cobra
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Which muscles are underactive when the low back arches during an overhead squat assessment?
- Gluteus maximus
- hamstrings
- intrinsic core stabilizers
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Which muscles are underactive with an excessive forward lean?
- Anterior tibialis
- gluteus maximus
- erector spinae
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What movement compensations are observed with an overactive TFL?
- Knees move inward
- excessive forward lean
- low back arches.
- Note: the TFL is part of the hip flexor complex.
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What movement compensations are associated with an overactive soleus?
Feet turn out and excessive forward lean
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What are the guidelines for setting up an overhead squat assessment?
- Knees move inward
- excessive forward lean
- low back arches.
- Note: the TFL is part of the hip flexor complex.
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What are some regressions for clients unable to perform single-leg squat assessment?
- Use outside support for squatting assistance
- perform single-leg balance without squat
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What is a corrective strategy for the head protruding forward on a pulling assessment?
Keep head in neutral position when performing all exercises
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What is a corrective strategy for low back arches, as seen in an overhead squat assessment?
Ball squat
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Which muscles are underactive when the low back arches during pushing assessment?
Intrinsic core stabilizers
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Provides the foundation from which the extremities function
Static posture
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Reflective of how a client is able to maintain bodily alignment while performing functional tasks
Dynamic posture
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What are the 3 common postural distortion patterns?
- Lower crossed syndrome
- upper crossed syndrome
- pronation distortion syndrome
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Increased lumbar lordosis due to an anterior pelvic tilt
Lower crossed syndrome
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Rounded shoulders with a forward head posture
Upper crossed syndrome
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In which postural distortion pattern might clients exhibit
excessive foot pronation, knee flexion, internal rotation, and
adduction?
Pronation distortion syndrome (knock knees)
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Where are the 5 kinetic chain checkpoints?
- Feet and ankles
- knees
- LPHC
- shoulders
- head
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A quick way to gain an impression of a client's overall functional status in a naturally dynamic setting
Movement assessments
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How much weight should be added following the warm-up segment of the lower extremity strength assessment (squat test)?
10 - 20% of initial load
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How much weight should be added following the warm-up segment of the upper extremity strength assessment (bench press test)?
5 - 10% of the initial load
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Which assessment measures lower extremity agility and neuromuscular control?
Shark skill test
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How many trials are included in the Shark skill test?
1 practice, 2 timed for each foot (4 graded trials total)
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Which faults are penalized in the Shark skill test?
- Non-hopping
- leg touches ground
- hands come off hips
- foot goes into wrong square
- foot does not return to center square
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How many repetitions are performed per set in the upper extremity strength assessment?
3 to 5
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What is the recommended rest time between progressions during lower extremity strength assessment?
2 minutes
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Who should not perform the Davies' test?
Individuals lacking shoulder stability
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What are some examples of performance assessments?
- Davies' test
- Shark skill test
- upper extremity strength assessment
- lower extremity strength assessment
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How long is the Davies' test?
15 seconds
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What assessment measures upper extremity agility and neuromuscular control?
Davies' test
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What assessment tests upper-body muscular endurance?
Push-up test
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How long is the push-up test?
60 seconds
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