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Which enzyme catalyzes the regulatory step of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase 1
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What is the action of PFK-1?
phosphorylates carbon 1 on fructose-6phosphate to got fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
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What is the committed substrate of glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
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True/false: PFK 2 is the most powerful activator of PFK1
True, PFK 2 upregulates glycolysis
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True/false: Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase down regulates glycolysis
True
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True/false: Fructose-1,6-bisphophatase is the committed step in glycolysis
False; fructose-1,6-bisphophatASE catalyzes the regulated step in GLUCONEOGENESIS
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Insulin gets sugar _______ the blood, in response to_____.
- Out of
- High blood glucose and fatty acids
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Insulin is released by _______ cells and is ______ by high glucose
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Glucagon is released by ______ Cells and is _____ by high glucose
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How does the body utilize the glucose that got removed by insulin?
Burn or store glucose
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True/false: insulin signals a decrease in glucagon production
True
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When there is high ATP, is glycolysis inhibited or stimulated? Gluconeogenesis?
- Glycolysis is inhibited because there is enough energy in the body
- Gluconeogenesis is stimulated in high energy state
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When there is high AMP, is glycolysis inhibited or stimulated? Gluconeogenesis?
- Glycolysis is stimulated in need of more energy
- Gluconeogenesis is inhibited
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When there is high Fructose-2,6-bisphophate level, is glycolysis inhibited or stimulated? Gluconeogenesis?
- Glycolysis stimulated
- Gluconeogenesis inhibited
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High levels of ATP, cAMP, citrate and acetyl CoA _______ glycolysis and ______ gluconeogenesis
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High levels of AMP and F2,6BP ______ glycolysis and ______gluconeogenesis
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Too much citrate buildup will signal ____ of glycolysis, because it is a product of glycolysis
Downregulation (negative feedback)
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Too much Acetyl CoA buildup will signal ____ of glycolysis, because it is a product of glycolysis
Downregulation (negative feedback)
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Low energy compounds _____ glycolysis and _____ gluconeogenesis
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List low energy products that upregulates glycolysis:
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In which cell types does glycogen synthesis occur?
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True/false: insulin stimulates glycolysis in hepatocytes and myocytes only
False; it stimulates glycolysis in all cell types, including adipocytes
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Which GLUT receptor is insulin sensitive?
GLUT 4
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Insulin affects glucose uptake (GLUT 4) in which cell types?
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True/false: Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in all cell types
True
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Insulin stimulates glycogenolysis in which cell types?
None!
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True/false: insulin does not stimulate gluconeogenesis in any cell type
True
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Insulin simulates fatty acid beta oxidation in which cell types?
none
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Insulin is associated with the synthesis of which biomolecules?
- fatty acid
- Triacylglycerol
- Cholesterol
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True/false: insulin does not stimulate ketone body synthesis
True
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True/false: glucagon does not stimulate glycolysis in any cells
True
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Glucagon stimulates glycogen synthesis in which cell types?
none
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What processes does glucagon stimulate in hepatocytes?
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Fatty acid beta oxidation
- Ketone body synthesis
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What processes does glucagon inhibit in hepatocytes?
- Glycogen synthesis
- Glycolysis
- Fatty acid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol synthesis
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What processes does insulin stimulate in hepatocytes?
- Glycogen synthesis
- Glycolysis
- Fatty acid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol synthesis
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What processes does insulin inhibit in hepatocytes?
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Fatty acid beta oxidation
- Ketone body synthesis
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What processes does epinephrine stimulate in hepatocytes?
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Fatty acid beta oxidation
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What processes does insulin stimulate in myocytes?
- glucose uptake
- Glycogen synthesis
- Glycolysis
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What processes does glucagon stimulate in myocytes?
Glucagon has no effect on myocytes
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What processes does epinephrine stimulate in myocytes?
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycolysis
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What processes does insulin stimulate in adipocytes?
- Glucose uptake
- Glycogen synthesis
- Glycolysis
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Triacylglycerol synthesis
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What processes does glucagon stimulate in adipocytes?
Fatty acid mobilization
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What processes does insulin epinephrine in adipocytes?
Fatty acid mobilization
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True/false: hepatocytes GLUT 4 transporters are not affected by insulin, glucagon nor epinephrine
True
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True/false: insulin affects GLUT 4 transporters in myocytes and adipocytes
True
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Glycolysis in hepatocytes are inhibited by which hormones?
Glucagon and epinephrine
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Gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes are inhibited by which hormone?
Insulin
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Gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes are stimulated by which hormone?
Glucagon and epinephrine
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What stimulates glycogen synthesis in myocytes? Inhibits it?
- Insulin stimulates
- Epinephrine inhibits
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What stimulate glycolysis in myocytes?
Insulin and epinephrine
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What stimulate glycogenolysis in myocytes? Inhibits it?
- epinephrine stimulates
- Insulin inhibits
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What inhibits glucose uptake in myocytes?
epinephrine
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True/false: epinephrine parallels glucagon and opposes insulin signaling, but up-regulates glycolysis
True
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