-
S. saprophyticus is well know to cause _____
UTI
-
Which specie of staphylococcus is coagulase +
S. aureus only
-
True/false: staphylococcus grow in high salt environment
True
-
Which staphylococcus is novobiocin resistant?
S saprophyticus
-
True/false: S aureus is mannitol negative
False; it is mannitol positive
-
Which of the Staphylococcus species is mannito negative?
- S epidermidis
- S saprophyticus
-
Which of the Staphylococcus specie is coagulase negative?
- S epidermidis
- S saprophyticus
-
True/false: S aureus is beta hemolytic and S epidermidis and S saprophyticus is alpha hemolytic
False; S aureus IS beta hemolytic, but the other two is GAMMA (no hemolysis).
-
Which staphylococcus species have gold (or white) colonies
S aureus
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S saprophyticus is coagulase ____, mannitol fermentation ____, and Novobiocin _____
- Negative
- Negative
- Resistant
-
S epidermidis is coagulase ___, mannitol fermentation ____, and novobiocin ___/
- Negative
- Negative
- Sensitive
-
True/false: S saprophyticus is a major healthcare-associated opportunist
False; S epidermidis is a major healthcare-associated opportunist, not saprophyticus
-
True/false: S aureus is more virulent than coagulase negative staphylococci
True
-
True/false: S epidermidis is urease +
True
-
S epidermidis, like saprophyticus, _____ (forms, does not form) loose slime layer
Forms
-
What is S epirdermidis’ oxygen metabolism?
Facultative anaerobe
-
True/false: S saprophyticus is urease + like S epidermidis
True
-
True/false: S saprophyticus is nitrate reductase + like E coli
False; S saprophyticus is nitrate reductase NEGATIVE, unlike E coli
-
On a novobiocin disc, which would you expect to see growth: S epidermidis or S saprophyticus?
S saprophyticus
-
True/false: mannitol salt agar is both selective and differential
True
-
What are virulence factors for CoNS?
- Slime layer
- Adhesins
- Biofilms
-
True/false: Candida albicans is a dimorphic/polymorphic fungus and a major opportunist
True
-
True/false: Candida albicans is part of our normal microbiota
True
-
True/false: catheters are a risk factor for Candida albicans infections
True
-
True/false: Like most other fungi, Candida albicans morphological changes depend only on temperature
False; transition affected by pH, cell density, growth factors, serum concentration, CO2 concentration, nutrients, temperature
-
Candida albicans is mostly _____ in vivo
Budding yeast
-
True/false: Candida albicans is germ tube test negative while Candida glabrata is germ tube test positive
False; albicans is positive and glabrata is negative
-
Candida is catalase ____.
Positive
-
Candida is ____ form in 20 degrees, and forms ______ around 37 degrees
- Yeast form with Pseudohyphae
- Germ tube
-
Candida glabrata _____ (is/is not) part of the normal microbiota, and it is _______ (morphology)
Is, not-dimorphic yeast
-
True/false: C glabrata can form biofilms like C albicans
True
-
True/false: C glabrata is intrinsically resistant to azoles like C albicans
False; C glabrata is intrinsically resistant to azoles, but C albicans are NOT, this is how you differentiate between them
-
True/false: Schistosomiasis are trematodes that have separate sexes
True
-
Sexual reproduction of helminths occur when they are in which host?
Definitive host
-
True/false: Schistosoma is hermaphroditic and has 2 intermediate hosts like rest of trematodes
False; unlike most other trematodes, Schistosoma has separate sexes and only 1 intermediate host
-
What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma?
Snails
-
What is the definitive host of Schistosoma?
Human
-
Schistosoma haematobium is commonly found in ______, and it is a ______ type fluke whose egg transmission is via egg shedding in the _____.
-
The other two species of Schistosoma (mansoni and japonicum) are _______ type fluke with egg transmission via shedding in ______
-
Where is the site of mating/egg deposition for S haematobium?
venous plexus lower urinary tract
-
True/false: freshwater snail is the intermediate host of S haematobium, and it is where sexual reproduction occurs
False; intermediate host is where asexual reproduction occurs
-
True/false: adult forms of trematodes do increase in numbers in definitive host
False; they do not increase in numbers
-
S haematobium’s eggs are ________ carcinogens and is a leading cause of ______ cancer in endemic areas
-
Larval form of schistosome is released from which organism?
Freshwater snails
-
What is the name of the larval form of schistosome?
Cercaria
-
True/false: adult worms burrow into the skin of the definitive host- humans and migrate to the bloodstream
False; cercaria (larval form) goes into human and later mature into adult worms
-
Eggs produced by female worm are _______.
Released into the environment
-
What is the second larval from of schistosome called? And what does it do?
- Miracidia
- Infect the snail
-
What is the transmission form of schistosome?
Cercaria
-
What is the infective stage of schistosome?
cercaria
-
What is the diagnostic stage of schistosome?
Eggs
-
How does schistosome cause fibrosis, calcifications or scarring of the bladder/ureters?
Egg shed by adult worms get lodged there
-
True/false: chronic granulomatous cystitis can lead to squamous cell carcinoma?
True
-
What is S. mansoni spine morphology? S japnicum?
- Large lateral spine
- Small spine
-
Which organism is the most common cause of urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis?
E coli
-
Cystitis is _____ urinary tract infection whereas pyelonephritis is _____ UTI
-
True/false: Enterobacteriaceae are Gram negative cocci
False; they are gram negative RODS
-
Are Enterobacteriaceae oxidase positive or negative?
negative
-
Which Enterobacteriaceae are lactose fermenters?
- Klebsiella
- Escherichia coli
- Enterobacter
-
Which Enterobacteriaceae are lactose nonfermenters?
- Proteus
- Serratia
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Yersinia
-
What is the oxygen metabolism of Enterobacteriaceae?
facultative anaerobes
-
True/false: Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes
True
-
True/false: all Enterobacteriaceae are nitrite positive
True, they can all reduce nitrates to nitrites
-
What is the acronym for lactose fermenters of enterobacteriacea?
KEE (Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter)
-
True/False: Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase positive
False; they are oxidase negative
-
Ture/false: all Enterobacteriaceae ferment glucose
True
-
How can you tell pseudomonas from Enterobacteriaceae?
pseudomonas Is aerobic, cannot ferment anything
-
Enterobacteriaceae can be typed based on which 3 structural antigens?
- O (LPS)
- H (flagellar)
- K (capsular)
-
Which Enterobacteriaceae are urease negative?
- E. coli
- Enterobacter
- (urEase nEgative)
-
Which of the Enterobacteriaceae is non-motile?
Klebsiella
-
True/false: most Enterobacteriaceae except for Klebsiella is motile
True
-
True/False: E coli ferments lactose rapidly
True
-
What can E coli cause?
- Diarrhea
- UTI
- Neonatal meningitis
- Gram-negative bacteremia
- (DUNG)
-
What are virulence factors for E coli?
- Motile
- pili
- Adhesins
- LPS
- Hemolysin
- Siderophore aerobactin
-
What type of adhesins do UPEC (Uropathogenic E coli) have?
- Type 1 pili (cause cystitis)
- P pili (cause pyelonephritis)
-
E coli with P pili have strong risk factor for which condition?
Pyelonephritis
-
True/false: Klebsiella have capsule and adhesins
True
-
True/false: Klebsiella are motile
False; they are non motile
-
Which Enterobacteriaceae has super long flagella (hyperflagellated)?
Proteus
-
Which Enterobacteriaceae “swarms”
Proteus
-
Urease can cause ________ of urine
Alkalization
-
What makes up struvite stones?
White blood cells + ammonium magnesium phosphate + bacteria + proteinaceous matrix
-
True/false: Any urease positive organism will form struvite stones
True
-
Urease would ______ urine pH
Increase
-
Is MacConkey agar selective, differential or both?
- Both
- Selects for Gram negative bacteria
- Differentiate (color change) with lactose fermenters
-
MacConkey agar allows for ______ bacteria growth? Inhibits _____ bacteria
- Gram negative
- Gram positive
-
MacConkey agar turns _____ with _______.
-
Is eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar selective, differential or both?
- Both
- Select for Gr –
- Turns black with green sheen with vigorous lactose fermenting
-
True/false: both EMB And MacConkey agars select for non-fastidious Gr negative bacteria
True
-
Ture/false: both EMB and MacConkey are both selective and differential
True
-
Urease test, when positive would turn _____
Pink
-
True/false: most CAUTIs are asymptomatic and spontaneously resolve when catheter removed
True
-
True/false: CAUTIs are Gr negatives only
False; Gr- and Gr + and even Candida are agents that can cause CAUTIs
-
What are the leading agents for CAUTIs
- Gr negative: E coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter
- Gr positive: Enterococcus, staphylococcus
- Candida albicans
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