True/false: protein concentration is higher on afferent arteriole
False; protein is higher on efferent side because proteins do not get filtered out of blood while electrolytes and water do, therefore making the efferent side more concentrated
Oncotic pressure is higher on _____ arteriole, and therefore will ____ fluid to/from bowman’s capsule
Efferent
Pull
From
What is the relationship between renal blood flow/GFR and resistance?
when resistance increase, renal blood flow and GFR decreases
What is the relationship between renal blood flow/GFR and resistance?
Any resistance would decrease renal blood flow
At 2x the resistance, GFR would increase, however at 3x resistance or above, GFR would subsequently drop
What is the Donnan effect?
at greater than 3x the resistance in efferent arteriole, the GFR would go down
Afferent arteriole dilation would ______ GFR
Increase
Efferent arteriole dilation would ____ GFR
Decrease
What are substances that constrict Afferent arteriole?
What are substances that lead to afferent arteriole dilation?
Prostaglandin, E2, NO2, bradykinin
What is the effect of angiotensin II on efferent arterioles?
Constriction of efferent arteriole
Afferent and efferent constriction would ______ renal blood flow
Decrease
Afferent and efferent dilation would _____ renal blood flow
Increase
Afferent constriction would ______ glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Decrease
Afferent dilation would _____ glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Increase
Efferent constriction would _____ glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Increase
Efferent dilation would ______ glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Decrease
Peritubular capillary pressure would ____ with vessel dilation
increase
peritubular capillary pressure would ____ with vessel constriction
decrease
Peritubular capillary reabsorption would ___ with vessel dilation
decrease
Peritubular capillary reabsorption would ____ with vessel constriction
increase
What is myogenic mechanism?
A theory of autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR that smooth muscle cells have inherent tendency to contract when stretched ie during high arterial pressure
What is tubuloglomerular feedback?
A theory of autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR that macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule detect NaCl level and increase GFR if low NaCl detected
What is macula densa cell?
Osmotic sensor for salt, affect afferent arteriole resistance
True/false: juxtaglomeruluar cells respond to decrease in afferent arteriole pressure by vasoconstriction and by release renin
True
Which cell produces renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells
What happens to GFR if there is decrease NaCl?
Increase
What happens to GFR if afferent arteriole resistance decreases?
Increase GFR
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
Detect blood pressure
What happens to GFR when there is increased renin release?
Increase GFR
What is the mechanism in which renin affect GFR?
Renin released -> increase angiotensin II production -> increase constrictions efferent arteriole -> increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure -> GFR increase
True/false: diabetes can decrease GFR
True
True/false: hypertension can decrease GFR
True
What are factors that can increase GFR?
Hypoalbuminemia
Increased nitric oxide vasodilator
Increase prostaglandin vasodilator
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ____ (increases/decreases) GFR
Increases
True/False: GFR increases in response to ANP to reduce blood volume
True
ANP levels are elevated during which states?
Hypervolemic states (ie elevated blood volume, heart failure)
How do Hematuria and proteinuria usually occur?
When there is damage to the filtration barrier i.e. to the endothelial cell, basement membrane or the podocytes which allows blood to leak through