-
The temperature at which the organism grows best over time is called the _______.
optimum
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The temperature, below which the organism cannot grow, is called the _______.
minimum
-
The temperature, above which the organism cannot grow, is called the _______.
maximum
-
The turbidity is measured by _______using a _______.
- absorbance
- spectrophotometer
-
The higher the absorbance of light, the higher the growth, i.e., they are ________.
proportional
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As cells grow (increase in number), more light is absorbed, and the higher the absorbance reading (also referred to as _____ _____).
optical density
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Organisms that grow only below 20o C are classified as ______.
psychrophiles
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Organisms that live in the the cold but can also grow up to 35oC and slightly higher, are classified as _______. Examples are Mold and some bacteria Pseudomonas. Optimal temperature range of 15 – 30oC, ie refrigeration temp
psychrotrophs
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Microbes that are adapted to temperatures between 15oC and 45oC are classified as _________.Most bacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with humans or are pathogenic to humans are _____since body temperature is 37oC
mesophiles
-
Organisms growing above 45oC - 80oC are classified as _______.
thermophiles
-
Microbes growing above 80oC up to 110oC are _____ _____.
extreme thermophiles
-
These bacteria generally are mesophiles that can survive exposure to temperatures considerably higher than their maximum growth temperature (up to 70o C or higher) for short periods of time. Although they do not grow at these elevated temperatures.
Thermoduric
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the movement of water across a membrane?
Osmosis
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If the solute concentrations are equal or similar on either side of the membrane, it is an _______environment and water does not move favorably in either direction.
isotonic
-
If the environment has very few solutes compared to the cytoplasm, this is called ______. Plants can manage this with their cell wall. No cell wall will swell then burst.
hypotonic
-
________environments are those in which the solute concentration is higher in the environment as compared to the cytoplasm. Since water moves toward higher solute concentrations,water will leave the cell.
Hypertonic
-
As the cell loses water from its cytoplasm the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. This process is called?
plasmolysis
-
Many bacteria are not tolerant to salinities of greater that ___%.
3-5
-
______ are adapted to live and grow only in high salinity (very low water activity).
Halophiles
-
Extreme halophiles can only grow in __% - __% saline environment.
-
_______can survive and grow in slightly higher saline environments than nontolerant bacteria, but the salt is not required for growth. They grow up to __% salinity
-
Some microbes tolerate very high sugar concentrations and are referred to as _____.
osmophiles
-
________is nonionizing, short, high energy wavelength radiation
Ultraviolet (UV)
-
longest wavelength of UV
UV-A
-
-
which are the most damaging wavelengths? and have ___-___nm?
UV-C 100 – 280 nm
-
pyrimidine dimers
repeat resulting in cell death
-
systems to repair damage to DNA caused by UV light.
SOS system
-
Several variables are important in the lethal effects of UV light. These include
- time of exposure
- distance from the UV light
- barriers
- Nonionizing UV light does not penetrate
- Plastic petri plate lids will deflect all of the UV light
- Endospores are a barrier
- Biofilms in nature also provide some UV protection.
-
Swab the entire surface of the plate, top to bottom and side to side, not missing any areas.
Lawn
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Microbes that rely solely on oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce ATP are termed?
strict aerobes.
-
Microbes that can use oxygen but do not require it but prefer it and grow in its absence are referred to as _____ _____.
facultative anaerobes
-
Microbes that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen due to the buildup of toxic metabolites, are ____ ____.
strict anaerobes
-
Some microbes are referred to as ______as they can tolerate living in oxygen but do not require it and do not use it for energy production.
aerotolerant
-
_____ bacteria are those that tolerate only small amounts of oxygen.
Microaeropilic
-
____ ___ ___ includes conjugation,transformation,transduction, and use of other mobile genetic elements ,such as transposons.
Horizontal gene transfer
-
is a process of transferring genetic information(often in the form of a plasmid, which also contains the information allowing it to be transferred)
Conjugation
-
information to be transferred from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium through a ____ ____.
sex pilus.
-
_____are small,circular ,double-stranded DNA molecules that usually exist extra-chromosomally
Plasmids
-
Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is common place in the bacterial world and is greatly increased when bacteria exist in a ______,which is common in infectious diseases
biofilm
-
Disease resistant
resistance gene
-
what structure is most sensitive to UV light in a bacterium?
DNA
-
- 1. strict aerobe
- 2. strict anaerobe
- 3. facultative anaerobe
- 4. microaerophilic
- 5. aerotolerant
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