The way in which a society meets its need for subsistence is determined by a society's:
B. culture.
The attitudes, beliefs, labor patterns and other factors that help determine how a society will subsist are called its:
A. culture core.
The concept of adaptation is best described as:
D. the invention of new tools or modifying materials for new uses.
An example of maladaptation is provided by:
C. presence of sickle-cell anemia in nonmalaria regions.
A culture area can best be described as a:
A. geographic region in which several cultures follow a similar life pattern.
The food-foraging subsistence pattern:
B. involved peoples from very early human societies to abut 10,000 years ago.
The food-sharing practices of food-foraging societies are:
B. common.
Features of social organization associated with food-foraging cultures include:
B. sexual division of labor, regular sharing of food, importance of the camp as a semipermanent center of social activity.
According to the textbook and video program, sexual division of labor in food-foraging societies probably arose in part from:
B. biological differences between men and women.
In a food-foraging culture, women generally:
D. provide the larger share of the diet from their gathering activities.
The term egalitarian implies:
B. equality.
Which of the following is NOT an egalitarian aspect of food-foraging cultures?
C. Women share the same tasks and equal responsibilities with men.
Two words that best describe pastoralist cultures are:
B. nomadic and herders.
The most significant result of the change from food foraging to food production was that:
B. the nature of human society began to undergo significant change.
It is believed that the trainsition from food foraging to food production began:
B. 9,000 to 11,000 years ago.
The horticultural pattern of subsistence is characterized by all of the following features EXCEPT:
C. irrigation from canals.
Horticultural cultivation of crops usually results in:
B. adequate food supplies but little surplus.
Slash-and-burn horticulture is practiced by the:
C. Maya of the Yucatan.
Maize, beans, squash and potatoes are typically grown in the:
B. dry areas in the Americas.
The development through intensive agriculture that made possible the rise of nonindustrial cities was:
D. surplus food production.
A stratified society, in which people were ranked according to their work or their family, first appeared in:
B. nonindustrial societies.
The governmental structure of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan is best described as:
A. a huge bureaucracy managing social order, taxation, and storehouses.
In addition to production, the essential parts of an economic system are:
A. consumption and taxation.
B. distribution and consumption.
D. reciprocity and distribution.
B. distribution and consumption.
To produce goods, a nonindustrial society needs:
B. labor, technology and raw materials.
In the division of labor by age found in nonindustrial societies:
B. both children and the elderly are likely to have important roles.
The basis for sexual division of labor in traditional societies is related to:
C. cultural patterns.
In sexually segregated societies:
B. a person of one sex would seldom perform a task normally done by the other.
The technology of a nonindustrial society is reflected in part in its:
C. tools and artifacts.
An example of technology typical of a horticultural society is the:
B. hoe.
A system of reciprocity where neither the value of what is given is calculated nor the time of repayment specified is called:
C. generalized.
The conditions essential for the establishment of a system of resistribution are:
C. a central administration and a surplus.
The 'Big Man' feast is considered a leveling mechanism because it:
B. tends to distribute goods so that no one retains more than anyone else.
Which of the following is NOT a function of a nonindustrial marketplace?
D. the display of wealth for social prestige.
Which of the following institutions is similar to a nonindustrial marketplace?
D. a flea market.
The history of business ventures such as a Western-style farming operations in third-world countries suggests that:
D. such projects often deprive much of the population of their means of livelihood.
From a cross-cultural standpoint, all of the following statements about marriage are true EXCEPT for the statement that marriage:
A. includes rights of sexual access.B. makes the wife elligible to bear children.C. is a contract between one man and one woman. D. is socially sanctioned.
C. is a contract between one man and one woman.
Although the incest taboo is:
D. found in some form in all societies, anthropologists do not have completely satisfactory explanations for its occurrence.
One probable explanation for the practice of exogamy is that it:
D. helps to cement alliances between groups.
The two most common forms of marriage in the world today are:
B. polygyny and monogamy.
Polyandry is a marriage custom in which a:
B. wife has more than one husband.
The marriage custom of levirate is best described as a:
D. widow marrying her dead husband's brother.
The manner by which North Americans select their mates differs significantly from mate selection practices in traditional societies, in that North Americans:
D. select their own mates, rather than allowing their families to make such decisions.
The purpose of bride price is to:
A. repay the bride's family for the economic loss of their daughter.
Payment of a woman's inheritance to the husband at the time of marriage is called the:
D. dowry.
Which of the following statements about divorce is TRUE?
A. Divorce in non-Western societies is a matter of great concern to the couple's families.
One of the basic functions of the family is to:
A. nurture children.
The basic residential unit that provides for functions such as production, consumption, inheritance and shelter is termed the:
D. household.
The nuclear family is typically found in:
C. the United States and Canada.
An economic environment in which the elderly become a burden rather than an asset favors development of:
A. endogamous families.
B. nuclear families.
C. matrilineal families.
D. extended families.
B. nuclear families.
One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is that:A. raising children is more difficult in traditional societies.
B. a lack of money or wealth makes it impossible for family members to leave.
C. religious beliefs make it difficult for children to leave home.
D. the need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together.
D. the need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together.
The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the:
B. patrilocal residence pattern.
A distinct problem of nuclear families in Western industrialized societies such as the United States is:
D. isolation of spouses or single parents from the support of other relatives in dealing with family responsibilities.
Kinship is a term most precisely used to refer to:
A. relatives.
To be described as a descent group, the group must have:
B. an ancestor.
One important function of descent groups in many nonindustrial societies is:
A. providing security and services for its members.
A descent group that is a corporate group:
D. is a long-lasting organization that survives changes in membership.
A descent group that traces its ancestors exclusively through the male or female line is called:
A. a unilineal group.
B. a patrilineal group.
C. an ambilineal group.
D. a matrilineal group.
A. a unilineal group.
In patrilineal descent groups:
B. group membership is determined through the male line.
In matrilineal societies:
A. unsatisfactory marriages are more easily ended than in patrilineal societies.
A descent system in which the matrilineal line confers some rights and the patrilineal line confers others is termed:
A. double descent.
A common feature of lineages is that marriage:
B. with someone from another lineage is usually required.
In clans, all members belong to a:
A. noncorporate descent group and claim descent from a common ancestor.
In a society with moieties, the number of moieties is:
D. two.
In a bilateral kinship system, the individual from whom relationships to a large number of relatives are traced is called:
C. ego.
A kindred ends when:
D. ego dies.
In kinship diagrams, the symbol triangle indicates:
A. a male.
The principal purpose of kinship terminology systems is to:
B. indicate positions occupied by persons in a society.
The kinship terminology system used by Anglo-Americans is the:
B. Eskimo system.
In the Eskimo system of kinship terminology:
B. no distinction is made between maternal and paternal sisters and brothers or their children.
In bilateral kinship, an individual is:
A. affiliated with a large number of relatives of both parents.
In a bilateral kinship system, descent is traced through:
B. four grandparents.
Bilateral kinship is typical of societies in which:
D. nuclear famililes predominate.
Unilineal descent is commonly found in:
B. agricultural and horticultural societies.
One characteristic of many societies that organize relationships according to bilateral kinship is:
