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What theory is a perspective on mental disorders that is primarily concerned with the negative consequences of assigning a diagnostic label, especially the impact that diagnosis has on ways in which other people react to the patient.
Labeling theory
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What term refers to the identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characters symptoms?
Diagnosis
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What kind of decisions is classification based on?
A yes or no decision
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What approach to classification assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative?
a categorical approach
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What approach to classification describes the objects in terms of quantitative measurements?
dimensional approach
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What are the two reasons we need a classification system for abnormal behavior
1. It is useful to clinicians, who must match their clients' problems with the form of intervention that is most likely to be effective.
2. A classification system must be used in the search for new knowledge.
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How is the DSM-5 system organized?
More than 200 specific diagnostic categories, arranged under 22 primary headings.
Disorders that present similar kinds of symptoms are grouped together.
Example : Anxiety Disorders, Depressive disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder
A person can be assigned more than one diagnosis if he or she meets criteria for more than one disorder.
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What kind of test is the person presented with series of ambiguous stimuli? What is an example of that kind of test?
Projective tests
The Rorschach test is an example, where a series of 10 inkblots where five images contain various shades of gray on a white background, and five contain elements of color. The person is asked to look at each card and indicate what it looks like.
People's hidden desires and conflicts are presumably revealed in their answers.
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What is the primary assumption of projective personality tests?
They are based on psychodynamic assumptions about the nature of personality and psychopathology.
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What method of imaging brain functions, are a series of images acquired in rapid succession, where small differences in signal intensity from one image to the next provide a measure of moment to moment changes in the amount of oxygen in blood flowing to specific areas of the brain? It is able to identify changes in brain activity that lasts less than a second.
functional MRI (fMRI)
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What brain scanning technique is more expensive because it uses nuclear cyclotron to produce special radioactive elements? They are capable of providing relatively detailed images of the brain and reflect changes in brain activity as a person responds to the demands of various tasks.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
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How have PET and fMRI discover biological components of OCD?
The scans have suggested that symptoms of OCD are associated with multiple brain regions, including the caudate nucleus, the orbital prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex.
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What personality inventory began in the 1940's at the university of Minnesota, and for the last 60 years has been the most widely used psychological test? The most current version is based on a serious of more than 500 statements that cover topics ranging from physical complaints and psychological states to occupational preferences and social attitudes?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMPI-2
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What scale is sensitive to unsophisticated attempts to avoid answering in a frank and honest manner?
The L(Lie) Scale
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What term refers to the consistency of measurements, including diagnostic decisions?
Reliability
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What form of reliability refers to agreement between clinicians who are provided with exactly the same information?
interrater reliablity
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What index indicates the proportion of agreement that occurred above and beyond that which would have occurred by chance?
Negative values of this indicate that the rate of agreement was less than that which would have been expected by chance.
zero indicates chance agreement and 1.0 indicates perfect agreement between raters.
kappa
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Traditional convention in highly controlled research situations what would be said about a kappa value of .70 or higher ?
It would indicate relatively good agreement
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What would be said about a kappa value of .40?
Often interpreted as indicating questionable or poor agreement.
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In an uncontrolled environment what would be said about a kappa value of .60 or higher?
very good
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What are some tendencies of behavior coding systems?
- - time consuming and expensive
- -Observers can make errors
- -people may alter their behavior
- -observational measures tell us only about the particular situation observed.
- -There are some aspects of psychopathology that cannot be observed by anyone other than the person with the problem.
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What were the findings of the National Comorbidity Survey?
Among those people who qualified for at lest one diagnosis at some point during their lifetime, 56 percent met the criteria for two or more disorders. A small subgroup, 14 percent of the sample actually met the diagnostic criteria for three ore more lifetime disorders. That group of people accounted for almost 90 percent of the sever disorders in the study.
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