General Concepts of Anatomy 2

• a. Major elastic artery (elasticity of wall
• propagates pulse)

• b. Conducts blood
• to distributing arteries whose contractible smooth muscle wall can direct
• (preferentially distribute) blood to desired areas

• brachiocephalic : (right common carotid- head and neck, right subclavian- upper limb)
• left common carotid
• left subclavian

distributes blood to face, scalp, and deep face

distributes blood to brain, eyes

• a) Parietal branches to the thoracic and
• abdominal body wall, i.e., intercostal aa., lumbar aa.

• b) Visceral branches to the organs of the thorax
• and abdomen, i.e., celiac a., superior mesenteric a.,
• inferior mesenteric a.

• contain valves to regulate flow with gravitational effects
• thin walls
• large diameter
• superficial (temp regulation)
• deep (parallel arterial system)
• exist as plexuses in certain regions
• depend on milking axn of surrounding muscles

return from head and neck

return from upper limb

formed by junction of jugular and subclavian

• formed by junction of R and L brachiocephalic
• empties into right atrium

return from lower limbs and pelvis via external and internal iliac vv

return from lower limbs

return from pelvis

• formed by union of left and right common iliac vv
• parallels abdominal aorta on right
• empties into right atrium

return OXYgenated blood from lungs to left heart

• has NO valves
• system of veins that begins and ends in capillaries
• hepatic and hypothalamic-hypophyseal portals

• drains all organs of digestion to spleen and liver
• begins in capillaries of organs of digestions and sinusoids of spleen
• ends in hepatic venous sinusoids
• takes breakdown priducts of digestion to liver for storgage and synthesis
• delivers old RBC to liver for bile synthesis

• begins in capillaries of hypthalamus of brain
• ends in pituitary gland
• delivers relesing hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary to stimulate release of pituitary hormines into bloodstream

• 4 spearate venous channels
• course full length of vertebral column
• freely interconnect
• approx 750 mL
• POSITIVE fx: maintains brain O2 gradient (consciousness) by providing alt pathway for venous return to heart
• NEGATIVE fx: provides route for metastasis of malignant pelvic cancers to seed distant areas of body due to many anastomotic connections and NO valves to direct flow

small veins which coalesce to form larger veins, towards heart

encircle a structure, usually a bone

a network of small arteries paralleling larger arteries which can maintain circulation if the main artery becomes obstructed

union or communication of 2 vessels without teh presence of intervening capillaries; may be arterial/venous/arteriovenous

arteries and veins most often travel together as named pairs; vein is named for the artery with which it travels

• return tissue fluids from somatic/visceral regions to the blood vscular system
• intermittent nodes filter foreign matter and assist in monitoring immune responses

extensive plexifirm channels located in dermis, lining of GI, beneath epithelial surfaces, joint capsules

decreased or absent in areas of scant blood supply (epidermis, articular cartilage, cornea, brain, spinal cord)

• a. Blind ending endothelial capillaries begin in
• tissue spaces of subcutaneous regions,
• the connective tissue of organs and parallel the course of arteries and veins.

• b. Increase in size from .5 mm (lymphatic
• capillary) to up to 6 mm (thoracic duct).

• c. Generally named for the arteries they
• parallel

drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, and right upper limb via confluence of right jugular/right brochomediastinal/right subclavian lymph trinks into the right jugulouvenous angle

junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian jugular vv

drains the lymphatic channels via lumbar trunks (pelvis and lower limbs), intestinal trunk, intercostal lymph trunks, left brochomediastinal trunk, and left subclavian/jugular trunks inot left jugulovenous angle

left internal and left subclavian veins merge

assisted by mm action (up to 3 L of lymph returned to venous side of vascular system daily)

nutrients from digetsion (mostly fats), not transported by hepatic, delivered vua thoracic duct

lymphatic capillaries

macromolecular proteins in the interstitium are actively picked up by lymph capillaries, creating gradient that moves tissue fluid from interstitum to lymphatic capillary

nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics which distribute to the same region, course together and are wrapped in connective tissue neurovascular sheath