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aorta
- a. Major elastic artery (elasticity of wall
- propagates pulse)
- b. Conducts blood
- to distributing arteries whose contractible smooth muscle wall can direct
- (preferentially distribute) blood to desired areas
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aortic branches from arch
- brachiocephalic : (right common carotid- head and neck, right subclavian- upper limb)
- left common carotid
- left subclavian
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external carotid artery
distributes blood to face, scalp, and deep face
-
interrnal carotid artery
distributes blood to brain, eyes
-
aortic branches from descending portion
- a) Parietal branches to the thoracic and
- abdominal body wall, i.e., intercostal aa., lumbar aa.
- b) Visceral branches to the organs of the thorax
- and abdomen, i.e., celiac a., superior mesenteric a.,
- inferior mesenteric a.
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common venous characteristics
- contain valves to regulate flow with gravitational effects
- thin walls
- large diameter
- superficial (temp regulation)
- deep (parallel arterial system)
- exist as plexuses in certain regions
- depend on milking axn of surrounding muscles
-
jugular vein
return from head and neck
-
subclavian v
return from upper limb
-
brachiocephalic vv
formed by junction of jugular and subclavian
-
superior vena cava (SVC)
- formed by junction of R and L brachiocephalic
- empties into right atrium
-
common iliac cc
return from lower limbs and pelvis via external and internal iliac vv
-
external iliac cc
return from lower limbs
-
internal iliac
return from pelvis
-
IVC inferior vena cava
- formed by union of left and right common iliac vv
- parallels abdominal aorta on right
- empties into right atrium
-
pulmonary vv
return OXYgenated blood from lungs to left heart
-
portal system
- has NO valves
- system of veins that begins and ends in capillaries
- hepatic and hypothalamic-hypophyseal portals
-
hepatic portal system
- drains all organs of digestion to spleen and liver
- begins in capillaries of organs of digestions and sinusoids of spleen
- ends in hepatic venous sinusoids
- takes breakdown priducts of digestion to liver for storgage and synthesis
- delivers old RBC to liver for bile synthesis
-
hypothalamic-hypophysea portal system
- begins in capillaries of hypthalamus of brain
- ends in pituitary gland
- delivers relesing hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary to stimulate release of pituitary hormines into bloodstream
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vertebral venous plexuses
- 4 spearate venous channels
- course full length of vertebral column
- freely interconnect
- approx 750 mL
- POSITIVE fx: maintains brain O2 gradient (consciousness) by providing alt pathway for venous return to heart
- NEGATIVE fx: provides route for metastasis of malignant pelvic cancers to seed distant areas of body due to many anastomotic connections and NO valves to direct flow
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trubutaries
small veins which coalesce to form larger veins, towards heart
-
circumflex vessels
encircle a structure, usually a bone
-
collateral vesssels
a network of small arteries paralleling larger arteries which can maintain circulation if the main artery becomes obstructed
-
anastomosis
union or communication of 2 vessels without teh presence of intervening capillaries; may be arterial/venous/arteriovenous
-
vena comitans
arteries and veins most often travel together as named pairs; vein is named for the artery with which it travels
-
general characteristics of lymphatics
- return tissue fluids from somatic/visceral regions to the blood vscular system
- intermittent nodes filter foreign matter and assist in monitoring immune responses
-
distribution of lymphatic system
extensive plexifirm channels located in dermis, lining of GI, beneath epithelial surfaces, joint capsules
decreased or absent in areas of scant blood supply (epidermis, articular cartilage, cornea, brain, spinal cord)
-
structure of lymphatic systems
- a. Blind ending endothelial capillaries begin in
- tissue spaces of subcutaneous regions,
- the connective tissue of organs and parallel the course of arteries and veins.
- b. Increase in size from .5 mm (lymphatic
- capillary) to up to 6 mm (thoracic duct).
- c. Generally named for the arteries they
- parallel
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right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from right side of head, thorax, and right upper limb via confluence of right jugular/right brochomediastinal/right subclavian lymph trinks into the right jugulouvenous angle
-
right jugulovenous angle
junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian jugular vv
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thoracic duct
drains the lymphatic channels via lumbar trunks (pelvis and lower limbs), intestinal trunk, intercostal lymph trunks, left brochomediastinal trunk, and left subclavian/jugular trunks inot left jugulovenous angle
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left jugulovenous angle
left internal and left subclavian veins merge
-
mechanisms of lymph flow
assisted by mm action (up to 3 L of lymph returned to venous side of vascular system daily)
nutrients from digetsion (mostly fats), not transported by hepatic, delivered vua thoracic duct
lymphatic capillaries
-
lymphatic capillaries
macromolecular proteins in the interstitium are actively picked up by lymph capillaries, creating gradient that moves tissue fluid from interstitum to lymphatic capillary
-
neurovascular bundles
nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics which distribute to the same region, course together and are wrapped in connective tissue neurovascular sheath
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