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Inferior boundary of mediastinum?
Transverse thoracic plane
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Superior boundary of mediastinum?
Thoracic inlet
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Lateral boundary of mediastinum?
Mediastinal parietal pleural
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Thymus is in which part of mediastinum?
Superior
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Do veins typically lie anterior or posterior to the arteries?
Anterior to the arteries
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Internal jugular vein brings blood from where to where?
From cranium to join the subclavian to form the brachiocephalic vein, that eventually goes to superior vena cava
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Subclavian veins brings blood from where?
Bringing blood from upper extremity
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Which veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
Internal jugular and subclavian veins
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True/false: there are two brachiocephalic veins and only one brachiocephalic artery
True
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What are the major arteries that come off the aorta?
- Brachiocephalic trunk (to the right)
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
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What does the brachiocephalic trunk become?
Right common carotid and right subclavian
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True/False: Right subclavian comes off the aorta
False. LEFT subclavian does, right comes off the brachiocephalic trunk
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True/False: Left common carotid and Right common carotid both come off the aorta
False. Only LEFT common carotid comes off the aorta, right common off is from brachiocephalic trunk
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In cross section views, the left side of the picture is which side of the actual body?
right
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What is the nerve that passes between the subclavian arteries and vein in the superior mediastinum?
Phrenic
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Phrenic nerve passes between which artery and vein?
Subclavian arteries and veins
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What is the Left laryngeal nerve course to the larynx?
Loop around the aorta and heads back up to the larynx
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What is the course of Right laryngeal nerve?
Wraps around the right subclavian artery before ascending back to the larynx
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Which laryngeal nerve wraps around the aorta? The subclavian artery?
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External jugular veins receive blood from where?
- Exterior cranium
- Deep parts of the face
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Where does the external jugular veins drain into?
Subclavian veins
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What is external jugular veins to the SCM?
Vein crosses the muscle externally
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Where is internal jugular vein in relation to the SCM?
Vein is deep to the muscle
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Where does internal jugular vein receive blood from
Brain and superficial parts of face and neck
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Where is anterior jugular vein located in the neck region?
Close to the midline
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Why wouldn’t you make a horizontal cut for cricothyrotomy?
Risk for cutting the anterior jugular vein
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Which jugular vein (external, internal or anterior) do we refer to when we say it is distended?
External jugular vein
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True/False: external jugular vein runs superficial to the SCM
True
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True/false: internal jugular vein is deep to the SCM
True
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Right lymphatic duct drains lymph from where?
- Right half of the cranium
- Right upper extremity
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Thoracic duct drains lymph from where?
- Left cranium
- Left upper extremity
- Bilateral lower extremities
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What are the content of the jugular venous angle?
Where Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein joins to form brachiocephalic vein
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True/false: Carotid sheath is a deep cervical fascia
True
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What are the contents within the carotid sheath?
- Common carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve
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What is the name of the nerve loop just anterior to the carotid sheath called?
Ansa cervicalis
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What is the ansa cervicalis?
A nerve loop from C1,2 and 3
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Where is the ansa cervicalis found in the neck region?
Anterior to the carotid sheath
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Where could vagus nerve be found in the neck region?
Within the carotid sheath, between the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein
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Cervical plexus roots:
C1 to C4
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True/False: cervical plexus provide both sensory and motor innervation in the neck region
- True
- True/False: ansa cervicalis provides both motor and sensory innervation to the strap muscles in the neck
- False. Only motor innervation to the strap muscles in the neck
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Carotid sheath is ______ to ansa cervicalis.
Deep
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At what spinal level does carotid bifurcation occur?
C4
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True/False: carotid bifurcation is an area prone to atherosclerotic plaque buildup
True
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What does the common carotids bifurcates into?
Internal and external carotid arteries
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Where does internal carotid artery mainly supply?
Intercranial structures
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Whre does external carotid artery supply?
Has many branches that supply mainly the external cranial structures including face and scalp
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List the External carotid branches:
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Maxillary artery
- Superficial temporal artery
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What does the mnemonic “some angry lady figured out PMS” refer to?
Branches of the external carotid artery
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What is the first branch of external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid artery
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Where does the facial artery course?
over the mandible
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What are the two posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
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Where does the maxillary artery course?
Passes into the infratemporal fossa and gives off many branches, one being middle meningeal artery
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Which of the branches of the external carotid artery would give off the middle meningeal artery?
Maxillary artery
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What are the two branches of the brachiocephalic artery?
- right subclavian artery
- Right common carotid
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When does the subclavian artery become axillary artery?
lateral border of 1st rib
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Which muscle is the basis of how the subclavian artery divides into 3 parts?
Anterior scalene
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Where is the first part of the subclavian artery?
Medial to the anterior scalene
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What are the branches that comes off the first part of the subclavian artery?
- Vertebral artery
- Internal thoracic artery
- Thyrocervical trunk
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Which artery does the vertebral artery come off of?
subclavian artery – first part
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Which artery does the internal thoracic artery come off of?
Subclavian artery- first part
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Which artery does the thyrocervical trunk come off of ?
Subclavian artery- first part
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Which artery gives off intercostal arteries anteriorly?
Internal thoracic artery
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What does internal thoracic artery give rise to?
Anterior Intercostal arteries
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What does thyrocervical trunk give rise to?
- Inferior thyroid artery
- Transverse cervical artery
- Suprascapular artery
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Where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?
Thyrocervical trunk
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Where does the transverse cervical artery arise from?
Thyrocervical trunk
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Where dose the suprascapular arise from?
Thyrocervical trunk
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True/False: it is possible for dorsal scapular artery to arise from transverse cervical artery
True
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What is the course of internal thoracic artery?
Descends parasternally- going down from subclavian
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Where is the 2nd part of subclavian artery?
Posterior to the anterior scalene
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True/False: 2nd part of the subclavian artery is posterior to the posterior scalene
FALSE; it is posterior to the anterior scalene; anterior scalene marks the divisions of the subclavian artery
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How many branch(es) does the 2nd part of subclavian gives off?
1
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What is/are the branch(es) that the 2nd part of subclavian gives off?
Costocervical trunk
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What does the costocervical trunk gives rise to?
Deep cervical and superior intercostal arteries
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Where does the costocervical arise from?
Second part of the subclavian artery
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Where is the third part of subclavian?
Lateral to the anterior scalene
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Which part of the subclavian is medial to the anterior scalene?
First part
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Which part of the subclavian is lateral to the anterior scalene?
Third part
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Which part of the subclavian is posterior to the anterior scalene?
Second part
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Which part of the subclavian is anterior to the anterior scalene?
HAHA, fooled you. There isn’t one anterior to anterior scalene
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What does the third part of subclavian give off?
Dorsal scapular artery – although this is highly variable.
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Where can the dorsal scapular artery arise from?
- Third part of the subclavian
- Transverse cervical artery –branch of the thyrocervical trunk
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