a portion of the spinal cord develops abnormally. The adjacent vertebral arches do not form since the vertebral arch is incomplete, the meninges bulge out
Osteoporosis
reduction in bone mass and strength sufficient to compromise normal bone function
Osteopenia
inadequate bone production as adult, leading to decrease in mass and a decrease in bone function and strength
Abnormal Curvatures of the spine
Scoliosis - side ways
Kyphosis - extreme arch in thoracic curvature
Lordosis - extreme arch in lumbar curvature
Slipped disc vs. herniated disc
Vertebral disk partially forced into vertebral canal
- disk ruptures and enters canal
Laminectomy
Removal of spinous processes to gain access to and treat herniated disc
osteomylitis
painful and destructive bone infection caused by bacteria
paget's disease
localized osteoclast activity increased and osteoblasts produce abnormal matrix proteins leading to gradual deformation of the skeleton