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nervous system
- collection of nerve cells that transmit signals to and from different parts of the body
- enable animals to receive information from
- the environment, process it, and act on it
CNS + PNS
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central nervous system CNS
- brain and spinal cord
- grey and white matter
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peripheral nervous system PNS
- spinal chord and rest of the body
- sensory, moto neurons
- somatic vs autonomic nervous system
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sensory neurons
receptors that convey sensory information to CNS
- somatosensory neuron - environment to brain (touch, itch, vibrate)
- visceral sensory neuron - extend into organs (pain, inflammation, fatigue)
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motor nueron
- skeletal muscles, make contact at neuromuscular junction
- output signals
- somatic motor neuron - output signal to skeletal muscle
- autonomic/visceral motor neuron - output signals to visceral organs (e.g HR, respiration)
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somatic nervous system
- sensory inputs and motor outputs for guiding
- voluntary body movements
- somatic and somatosensory neuron
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autonomic nervous system
- automatically regulates the body’s internal world
- viceral sensory neurons and visceral (autonomic) motor neurons
sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system
- "fight or flight” system; reacting to threats
- or opportunities
- increased HR, respiration, elevated BP, slow digestion
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parasympathetic nervous system
- "rest and regenerate"
- slowed HR, lower BP, relaxed muscles
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segmental organisation
- spinal cord protected by vertebrae
- sensory neuron enter, motor neuron exit every vertebrae
- sensory enter cord via dorsal nerve root
- motor exit cord via ventral nerve root
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dermatome
area of skin supplied by nerves by single spinal root
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myotome
area controlled by nerve from single spinal root
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spinal cord
meeting of inputs and outputs for PNS (part of CNS)
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grey matter
cell bodies of neurons and their local connections
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white matter vs grey matter
- white matter: electrically mylinated, long-distance connections/communication between neurons
- grey matter: mostly neuron cell bodies and non-neuron brain cells called glial cells. These glial cells provide nutrients and energy to neurons
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spinal reflex
a simple, automatic movement in response to a particular stimulus
- monosynaptic: one connection b/t sensory and motor
- polysynaptic: involve interneuron b/t sensory and motor
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What is the Brain
- neuron - process and transmit info at the synapse
- glia cells ensure best environment
- nueron and glia get oxygen and glucose via vasculature
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brain stem
- point of communication b/t spinal cord and higher brain regions
- medulla, pons, midbrain
- sensory function (travel here before cerebrum), viceral function (swallow digest), motor function (control of tongue, mouth, neck, head, and eyes)
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medulla
- regulates involuntary essential functions
- e.g breathing and HR and BP
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pons
- relays signals between the cerebellum and the cerebrum;
- involved in arousal, sleep, breathing, swallowing, eye movement, facial expressions, equilibrium, posture
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cerebellum
- shapes and refines the raw motor activity of reflexes and central pattern generators (spontaneously generate and maintain rhythmic movements such as walking)
- movement, balance, motor response AND cognition and emotion
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hypothalmus
- internal homeostasis by comparing to "set point" and does compensatory mechanisms
- e.g. hunger, thirst, sexual arousal,
- temperature regulation, sleep
- master control for neuroendocrine system and sends to pituitary gland
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thalamus
- relay station
- conveys incoming sensory information to
- cortical (processing) areas; relays motor signals to the cortex from cerebellum and basal ganglia; conveys signals between cortical areas
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cerebral cortex
- outer covering of brain
- important for cognition
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basal ganglia
- interconnected via grey matter structures under cerebral cortex
- important for motivation and reward
cortico-striatal loops between the cortex & basal ganglia
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limbic system
- set of regions involved in generating the hormonal, autonomic, and motivational
- aspects of emotional states; involved in learning and memory
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