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  1. What are the 6 functions of the CV system?
    • transport nutrients 
    • removal of waste products 
    • transport hormones 
    • regulate temperature 
    • reproduction and providing nutrients to unborn foetus 
    • host defense
  2. what are the 3 components of the CV system?
    • heart
    • blood vessels 
    • blood
  3. What are the 4 divisions of the CV system?
    • systemic 
    • pulmonary 
    • coronary 
    • hepatic portal
  4. What is systemic circulation?
    delivers blood around the body
  5. what is pulmonary circulation?
    delivers blood through the lungs
  6. What is coronary circulation?
    delivers blood to the heart muscle its self
  7. What is the hepatic portal circulation?
    • delivers blood to and from the liver 
    • it's a branch of the systemic circulation
  8. What is the location of the heart?
    • situated within the thoracic cavity
    • lies in the mediastinum: 
    • -behind the sternum 
    • -in front of the spine 
    • -between the lungs
    • -above the diaphragm
  9. What level is the diaphragm at?
    T8
  10. Where is the base and apex of the heart? and what angle does the heart sit at?
    • Apex- bottom
    • Base- Top 
    • 60 degrees off the vertical
  11. Where does the base of the heart lie?
    Behind sternum in midline and extends to 2nd rib
  12. Where does the apex of the heart lie?
    • approx 9cm to the left of the midline.
    • at 5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line
  13. How much does a average heart weigh?
    225-310 g
  14. What are the 3 layers of the heart?
    • Pericardium (out layer) 
    • Myocardium (middle layer) 
    • Endocardium (inner layer)
  15. What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
    • Parietal pericardium- outer fibrous and serous layer
    • visceral pericardium- inner layer adherent to the heart muscle
  16. What is between the perietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium?
    pericardial space with serous fluid
  17. What does the serous fluid in between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium do?
    allows for smooth movement/reduces friction between them when the heart beats
  18. What is the myocardium?
    • middle layer of the heart 
    • greatest part of the heart wall
    • thickest in the ventricles
  19. What are the specialized cells called in your heart that can produce there own electrical impulse? and what is the term?
    • cardiac muscle tissue 
    • autorhythmicity
  20. What is the endocardium and what cells is it made out of?
    • Thin membrane of endothelial cells 
    • line inside of the heart 
    • continuous with the linings of the blood vessels.
  21. What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
    • L + R atria 
    • L + R ventricles
  22. What are the thinner chambers of the heart?
    Atriums
  23. what are the 2 atria separated by?
    inter-atrial septum
  24. What are the 2 thicker chambers of the heart?
    Ventricles
  25. Where does the L ventricle pump blood to?
    Body
  26. Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
    lungs
  27. What separates the 2 ventricles?
    ventricular septum
  28. What are the 4 valves in the heart?
    • Pulmonary 
    • aortic 
    • tricuspid 
    • bicuspid (mitral)
  29. what muscle keeps the valve in place?
    Papillary muscle
  30. what attaches onto the papillary muscle?
    chordae tendineae
  31. What two arteries supply the heart with blood?
    Left and right coronary arteries
  32. what are the 2 nodes and 1 bundle called in the heart?
    • Sino-atrial node (SA) 
    • Atrio-ventricular node (AV) 
    • atrio ventricular bundle
  33. What does the SA node do?
    • generates electrical impulse 
    • hearts pacemaker
  34. what is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
    60-80 per beats per minute
  35. What is the AV node situated?
    wall of the atrial septum
  36. Where is the SA node situated?
    right atrium near opening of vena cava
  37. What does the AV node do?
    transmits the electrical signals from atria to ventricle
  38. how long is the delay by the AV node and why is there a delay?
    • 0.1 seconds. 
    • allows the atria to finish contracting and the ventricles to be full.
  39. What function does the AV node have?
    secondary pacemaker
  40. what is the intrinsic rate of the AV node?
    40-60 beats per minute
  41. Where does the atrioventricular bundle originate?
    AV node
  42. what does the atrioventricular bundle divide into?
    left and right bundle branches
  43. What do the the bundle branches break into in the ventricular myocardium?
    purkinje fibres
  44. What happens in atrial sytole? and how long does it take?
    contraction of the atria- 0.1 seconds
  45. What is ventricular systole and how long does it take?
    contraction of the ventricles-  0.3 seconds
  46. What is the cardiac diastole? and how long does it take?
    heart relaxation phase- 0.4 seconds
  47. What is blood pressure?
    pressure blood places of the arterial walls
  48. what is systolic pressure?
    When the ventricles are contracting and pump blood into the aorta
  49. what is blood pressure expressed in?
    mmHg- millimetres /mercury
  50. What is normal blood pressure?
    120/80
  51. What is diastole blood pressure?
    pressure on the arteries when the heart is relaxed
  52. What is pulse pressure?
    difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
  53. What is cardiac output?
    amount of blood pumped out from the ventricles in 1 minute
  54. What is stroke volume?
    amount of blood pumped out in one beat of the heart
  55. How do you work out cardiac output?
    stroke volume x heart rate
  56. What is the heart rate primarily controlled by? and what also plays a role?
    • autorhythmicity 
    • autonomic nervous system
  57. Where is the cardiovascular centre located?
    medulla oblongata
  58. What two systems in the autonomic nervous system control the heart rate?
    • sympathetic 
    • parasympathetic
  59. What nerve controls the parasympathetic affect on the heart?
    vagus nerve
  60. What do the chemoreceptors in the aortia and carotid arteries detect?
    changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH
  61. What do baroreceptors detect?
    changes in blood pressure
  62. What is a pulse?
    rhythmic pulsation of an artery
  63. What does checking the pulse determine?
    • rate 
    • volume
    • rhythm
  64. What are the two arteries you check a patients pulse?
    • carotid (if unconscious) 
    • radial (if conscious)
  65. What artery do you use for the blood pressure?
    brachial artery
  66. What is normal heart rate?
    60-100
  67. What is bradycardia?
    slow heart rate <60
  68. What is tachycardia?
    fast heart rate >100
  69. What 8 factors could affect the heart rate?
    • gender 
    • autonomic nerve activity 
    • age 
    • circulating hormones e.g. adrenaline 
    • exercise 
    • temperature 
    • baroreceptor reflex
    • emotional states 
    • x
  70. What factors effect stroke volume which in turn affects cardiac output?
    • ventricular end- diastolic volume 
    • venous return 
    • - position of the body 
    • - skeletal muscle pump
    • -respiratory pump 
    • strength of myocardial contraction 
    • blood volume
  71. What are the 5 blood vessels in the body?
    • arteries 
    • arterioles 
    • capillaries 
    • venules 
    • veins
  72. What are the the 3 layers of the blood vessels ?
    • tunica adventitia - outer fibrous sheath 
    • tunica media- middle layer of muscle and elastic fibre 
    • tunica intima- inner lining of endothelium
  73. Where to arteries carry blood and what outer layer do they have?
    • oxygenated blood away from the heart 
    • have a strong outer coat and thick muscle layer
  74. What are arterioles and what do they do?
    • smaller arteries 
    • dilate and contract to control blood flow into and out of capillary beds
  75. What wall do capillaries have?
    single layer of cells to allow interchange of gases, nutrients and waste products
  76. What are venules?
    • smaller veins
    • dilate and contract to control blood flow in and out of capillary beds
  77. what do veins do?
    • carry blood back to the heart
    • have thinner walls than arteries 
    • have valves to prevent back flow
  78. What four factors assist in venous return?
    • position of the body 
    • muscular contraction 
    • respiratory movements 
    • suction of the heart
  79. What does blood transport?
    • oxygen 
    • nutrients 
    • hormones 
    • heat 
    • protective substances
    • clotting factors
  80. What are the two main parts that make up blood?
    • liquid (55%) 
    • solid (45%)
  81. What is the liquid part of blood?
    plasma
  82. what are the 3 solid parts of the blood?
    • erythrocytes (RBC)
    • Leucocytes (WBC)
    • Thrombocytes (platelets)
  83. What is plasma composed of?
    • Water 90-92% 
    • plasma proteins 
    • inorganic salts 
    • nutrients mainly from digested food 
    • gases in solution
    • hormones and enzymes 
    • waste material from the tissues
  84. What shape are erythrocytes?
    • disc shaped bodies 
    • concave on both sides
  85. Where are erythrocytes produced?
    bone marrow
  86. Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?
    no
  87. how long do erythrocytes survive for?
    120 days
  88. what special protein does erythrocytes contain?
    haemoglobin
  89. Does the leucoctyes have a nucleus?
    yes
  90. What colour are leucocytes?
    transparent
  91. Where are leucocytes formed?
    • red bone marrow 
    • spleen
    • liver
    • lymph glands
  92. What do leucocytes do?
    fight infection
  93. Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?
    no
  94. How long do thrombocytes last for?
    between 8-11 days
  95. what role do thromocytes they play?
    controls bleeding and the clotting of the blood
  96. how do you work out the normal blood volumes for an adult and child?
    • 70 ml x kg for adults 
    • 80 ml x kg for children

    e.g. 70 ml x 90kg = 6.3L
Author
davidgoddard93
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