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What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
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List the divisions of the conducting zone from proximal to distal:
Trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles
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The respiratory zone begins with which airway?
Respiratory bronchioles
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List the airways in respiratory zone:
- Respiratory bronchiole
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
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When do lung buds appear embryologically?
Week 4
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When is the pseudoglandular period?
Week 5-16
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When is canalicular period
Week 16-26
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When is the terminal sac period
Week 26 – birth
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Which germ layer makes up the epithelial parts of the trachea, bronchi and lungs?
Endoderm
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Which germ layer makes up the respiratory tissues including pleural covering?
Mesoderm
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Ectoderm makes up which part of the lung?
None, ectoderm does not play a role in lung embryologic development
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When does body folding start to occur in embryo development?
Week 4
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True/false: gut tube is important for respiratory system development
True
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Foregut will become which structure?
Esophagus
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Tracheoesophageal ridge divides the development of which two structures?
Esophagus and trachea
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What that esophageal atresia mean?
- Atresia of the esophagus meaning that the esophagus closes as a congenital defect
- Esophagus does not reach down to the stomach
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What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?
An abnormal passage way between the trachea and lower esophagus
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What is the most common type of tracehoespahgeal fistula and esophageal atresia?
- Upper esophagus ending in a blind pouch
- Lower esophagus forming a fistula with esophagus
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True/False: lung development proceeds in a distal to proximal manner
False; lung development proceeds in a proximal to distal manner --- like one would expect
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What begins to development after appearance of lung buds in week 4-5?
Primary bronchi
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What is secondary bronchi also known as?
Lobar bronchi
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How many lobar bronchi on the right? The left?
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How many divisions of the bronchial tree will have formed after the 6th month of development?
17
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True/False: an additional 6 division of bronchial tree will form in postnatal life
True
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Mesoderm gives rise to what?
Visceral and parietal pleura
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What occurs during pseudoglandular stage of lung development?
Branching continues to form terminal bronchioles
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Are respiratory bronchioles or alveoli present during the pseudoglandular stage of development?
No, just conducting zone
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What occurs during the canalicular period of lung development?
Each terminal bronchiole divides into 2 or more respiratory bronchioles which divides into 3-6 alveolar ducts
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When does the respiratory zone first begin to develop?
During the canalicular period
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What occurs during the terminal sac period of lung development?
Terminal sacs form and capillaries establish close contact
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Is there close capillaries to air passageway contact during canalicular period?
No, there is a bit of distance between them. They start getting close during the terminal sac period
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When does the alveolar period occur?
8 months through birth and into childhood
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What occurs during the alveolar period of lung development?
Mature alveoli develop capillary contacts, creating blood-air barrier across which gas exchange can occur
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How many alveoli are present at birth
20-70 million
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How many alveoli will be there at age 8?
300-400 million
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True/false: preterm infants born in weeks 25-28 can survive with intensive care
True
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How likely is it for a premature infant born at 20 weeks to survive?
Unlikely, rarely survive because lungs are unable to support gas exchange
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What are the most important factors for the survival of premature infants?
- establish blood air barrier
- surfactant
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When is the earliest time we would start seeing the formation of the blood-air barrier?
Late canalicular period (in week mid-late 20’s)
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What is a common cause of respiratory distress syndrome?
Insufficient surfactant
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How could you treat preterm babies in respiratory distress syndrome?
- Give corticosteroid prior to delivery
- Postnatal high frequency ventilation
- Postnatal administration of artificial surfactant
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True/false: both too low or too high doses of vitamin A can cause birth defects
True
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Ture/false: kidney development can also impact lung development
True
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What is the name of the earliest component to diaphragm development?
Septum transversum in cervical region
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Where does Bochdalek hernia occur?
Left side of body
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Where does Morgagni hernia occur?
anterior part of body
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Why is Bochdalek hernia on the left?
Right pleuroperitoneal canal closes before the left, left is the last hold to close
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