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Which vessels are converging?
Veins
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Which vessels are diverging?
Arteries
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Blood moves fastest in which vessels? Why?
Arteries--less area
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Blood moves slowest in which vessels? Why?
Capillaries--largest area-- density is HUGE-- lower pressure
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Considering a corresponding artery and vein, which has a smaller diameter? Why?
Arteries, because they have thicker walls to carry blood under higher pressure.
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an instrument used to measure changes in the size of an organ or the amount of blood flowing through it.
plethysmograph
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plethysmograph attached to a finger does what?
detect the pulsing change in blood volume of the finger.
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During each _________of the heart the volume of blood in the finger increases.
systole
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during each _______of the heart the volume of the blood in the finger decreases.
diastole
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Define volume pulse
The change in blood volume with each cardiac cycle
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dicrotic notch caused by?
by the elastic recoil of an artery after the closure of the aortic valve
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Normally during _________, the dicrotic notch becomes more prominent and it flattens out during ________.
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diastole=ventricular relaxation
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Systole= ventricular contraction and ejection
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Notice that the slope of the rising edge of the volume pulse is steeper than the slope of the falling edge. Why?
Rising edge corresponds to active contraction and falling edge to relaxation, which is passive
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Define amplitude
- (height) of the volume pulse recording.
- How much blood per beat is flowing into the finger.
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What affects change in blood volume?
Temp, body position, physical activity, and emotional state.
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Calculate elapsed time
Time at peak y - time at peak x= elapsed time
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Standing effects on amplitude?
Immediately after increase amplitude & increase frequency, then back to normal
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Sitting effects on amplitude?
- Normal frequency
- Normal amplitude
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Exercise effects on amplitude?
- Decreased amplitude
- increased frequency
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Cold effects on amplitude? Due to?
- Decreased amplitude
- Vasoconstriction from decreased temp
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Heat effects on amplitude? Due to?
- Increased amplitude
- vasodilation due to increased temp
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Pulse rate
reflects the rate of cardiac contraction.
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Which arteries do we check for pulse?
- radial,
- carotid
- temporal
- brachial
- popliteal artery
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Determining blood pressure depends upon?
the amount of pressure that is required to close off blood flow through a superficial artery.
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The instrument used to measure peripheral blood pressure is called a
sphygmomanometer
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With what measurement is Blood pressure measured?
mmHg
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How do you calculate rate of respiration?
by counting the number of breaths per minute.
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The first sound heard with the stethoscope determines the _______ pressure.
systolic
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Systolic pressure is ?
the peak pressure during ventricular systole. & Top number
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Systolic pressure sound is created by?
closure of the AV Valve
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Diastolic pressure is?
- the minimum pressure during ventricular diastole.
- Bottom #
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Diastolic Pressure sound is created by?
The point of complete cessation of sound indicates that the artery is no longer compressed even at the lowest pressure
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Pulse pressure is?
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
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BP before exercise?
Normal
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BP during exercise?
Increased
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BP immediately after exercise?
Still increased
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BP later on after exercising?
Decreased
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procedure for taking a blood pressure
- 1. Push up the sleeve on the subject’s left arm so the cuff is in direct contact with the skin.
- 2. Hold the thumb grip on the cuff with your right hand.
- 3. Apply the cuff to the left arm so the blue stripe is on the inside of the arm and aligned with the middle finger, this orients the cuff properly over the brachial artery.
- 4. The air tube runs along the inside of the arm. The bottom of the cuff should be approximately ½” above the elbow.
- 5. Then wrap the cuff firmly around the arm using the cloth fastener.
- 6. Place the left arm on the table so that it is level with the heart.
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