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Two systems of processing
- 1. emotional, association-based
- 2. rational, calculation based
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selective perception
isn't pure, reality is subjective
- Influenced by
- • expectations
- • motivations)/)goals
- – cognitive)consistency
- – confirmation)bias
- • memory
- • context
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cognitive dissonance theory
- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
- negative drive state caused by inconsistent thoughts/actions
- people are motived to reduce dissonance
predecision and postdecision
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Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)
- $20 vs $1 about lying.
- goal is always to reduce dissonance. Less money was not enough to offset dissonance so they also changed answer
Ways to offset dissonance: modify (I don't smoke that much), trivialise (facts are weak), add (I also work out to cancel), deny (it ain't true)
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Pre decisional dissonance
- dissonance influences decision
- ie that product is not worth buying at that price
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post decisional dissonance
- dissonance results from the decision
- ie rate decision higher after something was done, like why would i have voted for someone i'd think would lose
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Combat Dissonance
stop, think, then act
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false memory
- memory can be altered
- memory can have new facts put in
- depends on context at time of recall
people dont remember the sentence, they remember the story
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hindsight bias
- learning new info affects your memory of the time before you knew it
- hard to believe you ever didn't know that info
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combat hindsight bias
- consider the opposite
- consider multiple outcomes that could have occurred
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Confirmation Bias
- develop an idea then look for supporting evidence
- can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
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Why confirmation bias
- ease or processing
- reduce cognitive bias
- cost of errors (false positive vs false negative)
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reduce cognitive bias
motivations that align with seeking contradictory evidence
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