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acute inflammation
the first immune response to something
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chemical mediators that initiate local inflammation
- lipid messengers (Prostaglandins)
- Chemical messengers (histamines and ROS)
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cardinal signals of inflammation
- redness, swelling/edema, heat (Histamine)
- pain (PGE and bradykinin)
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function of NSAIDS
block synthesis of prostaglandins and relieve pain
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function antihistamines
- block release of histamines and block histamine binding to receptors
- relieve vascular effects
- relieves itching and pain
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synonym for cytokines
interleukins
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major systemic-effect cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha
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what cells produce cytokines and induce systemic responses
monocytes and macrophages
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systemic responses of cytokines (due to inflamation)
fever, acute phase proteins, leukocytes released from bone marrow
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what are acute phase proteins
protective proteins released into blood
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examples of acute phase proteins
- mannose-binding lectin
- compliment components
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steps of immune cell recruitment
- neutrophils then monocytes/macrophages are initially recruited
- then lymphocytes
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what is extravasation?
the movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels to the surrounding tissues
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what is chemotaxis
movement of a motile cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance
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function of lymphocytes at inflamed sites
- kill infected cells
- secrete antibodies
- further activation of macrophages and neutrophils
- promote cell types that repair tissues
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Resolution phase
- clearance of stimulus
- resolvins
- macrophages eat apoptotic cells and produce anti-inflammatory factors
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what is happening during chronic inflammation
- ongoing stimulation of lymphocytes
- tissue pathology
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local affects of inflammation
- activation of mast cells
- edema
- phagocyte recruitment
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why does lymphocyte involvement take longer
specialized lymphocytes are recruited from lymph nodes
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overall steps of inflamation
- acute inflamation
- local effects
- systemic effects
- lymphocyte recruitment
- resoution or chronic inflammation
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function of platelets in inflammation due to cuts
participates in blood clotting
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3 routes of complement activation
- alternative-microbial surface compounds trigger cleavage of complement protein
- lectin-lectins bind to sugar on microbe and trigger complement activation
- classical - antibodies bind to microbe surface and trigger complement activation
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3 effector outcomes of complement activation
- enhancement of inflammation by C3a fragments -activation of mast cells
- opsonization
- direct microbial lysis
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opsonization
tagging of microbes by C3b fragments which are recognized by phagocyte cell receptors
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direct microbial lysis
C3b activates other components (C5-C9) and for membrane attack complex MAC
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Anaphylatoxin
- C3a
- induce mast cell release of histamine
- induce chemotaxis of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
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what receptor recognizes C3b fragments
CR1 on macrophages (they eat up bacteria)
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two pathways that protect are cells from complement-mediated damage
- secreted factors that circulate in the blood
- membrane proteins on our own cells
- both typically block C3b membrane association
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