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Which layer of the skin does NOT contain blood vessels?
Epidermis
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In which layer of the skin are melanocytes located?
epidermis
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What is the function of an adipocyte?
Fat Storage
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Which of these body parts does NOT contain melanin? Nails, hair or skin
nails
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What is the function of a pore?
secrete sweat
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What is sebum?
an oily substance secreted onto hair
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Sweat glands are located in the
dermis
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What type of tissue is the main component of the dermis
connective tissue
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Where are hair roots located within the skin?
in the dermis
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What substance are nails made of?
keratin
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Which condition is caused by lack of melanin synthesis?
albinism
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Which is NOT part of the connective tissue in the dermis?
keratinocytes
collagen
elastin
keratinocytes
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Which type of layer separates the epidermis from the dermis?
a basement membrane
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How does the epidermis absorb oxygen
by diffusion with the surrounding air
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What type of cell provides the physical barrier of the skin
keratinocytes
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What type of epithelium is the epidermis composed of
tratified squamous epithelium
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What is the function of melanin?
to protect the DNA in cells from UV radiation
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Sebum is secreted from the ...
sebaceous gland
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What is alopecia?
hair loss
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What are the immune cells in the epidermis called
langerhans cells
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UVB radiation damage can cause?
malignant melanoma
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What is the function of piloerection
to trap warm air between hairs
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What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
to make hairs stand on end
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What is cornificatio
keratinocytes forming a physical barrier
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What are the four types of tissue
- Epithelial
- nervous
- connective
- muscle
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3 types of epithelial membranes
- Cutaneous membrane (skin)
- Mucous membrane
- serous membrane
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what does the cutaneous (skin) membrane do?
protects the body surface
-
what is the epidermis composed of?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Mucous membranes
-produces mucus (a thick secretion that keeps membranes soft and moist)
-
Serous membranes
Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
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where are simple cuboidal epithelium cells found?
- they specialize in secretion. found in:
- salivary glands
- thyroid follicles
- kidney tubules,,
- Found in BASEMENT MEMBRANE
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where r Simple columnar epithelium cells found?
the lining of the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts
-
where are simple squamous epithelium cells found?
- transportation is its special function because of the shape. absorption of oxygen into the blood takes place in these cells .
- alveoli of lungs
-
where are stratified squamous epithelium tissue found
- good for protection because of its closely packed cells - this tissue protects the body against invasion by microorganisms.
- surface lining of mouth and esophagus
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where are pseudostratified cells found?
lining of tract systems
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three types of LOOSE Proper connective tissue
-
areolar tissue
- -most widley distrubited of all connective tissue
- -PROPER LOOSE
-
-
reticular tissue
- found in bone marrow
- PROPER LOOSE
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What are the three types of Dense Proper tissue
-
Regular proper tissue
- makes up tendons (strong straps that connect muscle to bone)
- arranged in rough parallel rows
-
Irregular proper tissue
- forms tough sheets in the deepest layer of the skin
- swirl pattern (stretch marks)
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dense elastic tissue PROPER
found in large arteries
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what is Pleurisy?
inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs
-
what is Peritonitis
inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the abdominal organs
-
what fluid does connective tissue membranes produce?
synovial fluid
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where is the synovial membrane?
the spaces between joints and in the lining of the bursal sacs
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Functions of the Skin
ØTemperature regulation
ØSense organ activity
ØExcretion
ØSynthesis of Vitamin D
-
what is compact bone?
the solid form of bone that makes up the outer walls of bones in the skeleton
-
what are osteons?
they make up compact bone
-
spongy bone?
inside the bone, made of lattice.
-
what are the three major types of cartilage?
- hyaline-- most common, glassy apperance
- fibrocartilage- strongest and most durable
- elastic-flexible, found in ear
-
wht is hematopoietic tissue
the bloodlike connective tissue found in the red marrow cavieties of bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils and lymph notes
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what are the three types of muscle tissue
- cardiac- forms the walls of the heart- involuntary
- skeletal-voluntary
- smooth-forms walls of bloods vessles
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what is the stratum corneum
keratinzed outer layer of the epidermis
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Stratum germinativum (epidermis)
innermost (deepest) layer of cells that continually reproduce; new cells move toward the surface
-
vitiligo
patchy areas of lighter skin
-
cyanosis what is it and what happens
when blood oxygen levels decrease or if blood flow is reduced dramatically, the skin turns BLUE/GREY
-
what produces melanin
cells in the basal layer called melanocytes
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hypodermis
a thick layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue that support the dermis and epidermis
-
Hair growth begins from
hair papilla
-
Arrector pili
specialized smooth muscle that produces “goose pimples” and causes hair to stand up straight
-
what are two skin receptors
- lamellar corpuscle- pressure
- tactile corpuscle- light touch
-
Eccrine sweat gland
most abundant sweat glands in the body, produce clear sweat
-
apocrine sweat glands
found primarily in armpit and genitals, create a thicker milky secretion
-
what are the 5 functions of the skin?
- protection
- temperature regulation
- sense organ activity
- excretion
- synthesis of vit d
-
Sebaceous Glands
ØSecrete oil or sebum for hair and skin
-
tinea
fungal infections of the skin (mycoses)
-
scabies
contagious skin condition caused by the itch mite
-
boils
local staphylococal infections of hair follicles
-
wart
type of benign neoplasm of the skin
-
three burns and description
- first degree- typical sunbrun- minor discomfort and reddning of the skin
- second degree burn- involves the deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the upper layer of the dermis.
- third degree- complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis.
-
what is the rule of 9's
dividing the body into 11 areas of 9% each, helps in estimating the skin surfaced burned
-
Psoriasis
chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by scaly plaques
-
Eczemacommon
common inflammatory condition characterized by papules, vesicles, and crusts;
-
most common types of skin cancer
- melanoma
- basal cell carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
-
5 epidermis laers from outer to deepest
- stratum CORNEUM-roughest
- stratum LUCIDUM-found in thick layers
- stratum GLANULOSUM-contains living keratinocytes
- stratum SPINOSUM- where mitosis is active
- stratum BASALE-deepest and thinnest layer- where new cell production happens
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name of anatomic plane that seperates the body into 2 halfs (down the middle)
sagittal plane
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wha is the name of the anatomical plane that separates the body from top to bottom (in the middle)
transverse plane
-
what is the name of the plane that separates the body from front to back?
frontal plane
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describe superior
towards the head
-
describe inferior
towards the feet
-
describe lateral
towards the side of the body
-
describe proximal
towards nearest truck
-
describe superficial
close to surface
-
describe distal
away from furthest trunk
-
describe medial
towards midline
-
what are the two main caviety regions
dorsal and ventral
-
what makes up dorsal body cavities
vertebral (spin) and Cranial (head)
-
what makes up ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic caviety
-
what makes up the abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic (bladder) cavity and abdominal (stomach)cavity
-
what makes up the thoracic (chest) caviety
(lungs)pleural caviety (heart)mediastinum cavity,
-
what region is the femoral?
thigh
-
what region is the inguinal
groin
-
what region is the axillary
armpit
-
what region is the patellar
front of knee
-
what region is the occipital
back of lower skull
-
what region is the popliteal
area behind knee
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9 reigons in abdomin
- right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac
- right lumbar, umbillical, left lumbar
- right iliac, hyrogastric, left iliac
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what are the 11 organ systems of the body
- nervous
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- skeletal
- muscular
- uninary
- endocrine (glands)
- reproductive
- integumentary (skin)
- respiratory
- digestive
-
what are the three sweat glands
- apocrine (smelly thick)
- eccrine( found everywhere)
- Sebaceous (secrete sebum to hair)
-
what is melanoma
- most dangerous form of skin cancer
- usually look like moles
-
what is basal cell carcinoma
- 3rd most dangerous
- growths or legions that arise in the skin basal cells-
- which line the deepest layer of the epidermis
-
what is squamous cell carcinoma
- second most common skin cancer
- growth of abnormal cells arising from the SQUAMOUS CELLS in the epidermis (outer most later)
- rough scaly patch that may bleed
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what are the 5 warning signs for malignant melanoma
- A for asymmety- does it match the other side
- B for border- edges are irregular, blurred
- C for Color- different colors
- D for Diameter-larger then 6 mm
- E for evolving- is it changing in size shape or color
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what is the nucleus
contains genetic code
-
microvilli
absorption and secretion
-
golgi apparatus
UPS, chemically process proteins and molecules from Rought ER and turns them into vesicles and go to the plasma membrane
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- rough- has ribosomes attached to make protein
- smooth- makes new membrane for the cell
-
Pinocytosis
the ingestion of liquid into a cell
-
phagocytosis
the ingestion of bacteria into a cell
-
ion pump
Using ATP energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane up w the concentration gradient (from high to low)
-
filtration
the movement of water and solutes through a membrane
-
active transport
UPHILL movement of a substance though a cell membrane (up the concentration gradient)
-
dialysis
solutes move across a selectively permeable membrane by diffusion
-
what are types of passive transport
- diffusion
- osmosis
- dialysis
- filtration
-
passive transport
no cellular energy is required to move substance from a high concentration to low concentration (DOWNHILL)
-
stages of mitosis
- interphase- normal cell activity
- prophase- chromatins condenses into visible chromosomes
- metaphase- chromosomes align across the cell
- anaphase- chromosomes move away from the center of the cell
- telophase- the cytoplasm and organelles divide equally- cell division is complete
-
where are simple columnar epithelium cells found?
stomach, small intesting
-
where are transitional epithelim cells found?
form the mucosal lining of ureters, they are transitional becuase the can change their shape and structure
-
what are the nervous tissue cells?
neurons and glia
-
neoplasm
a new or abnormal growth of tissue some part of the body
-
relationship between cancer and cell division
cancer is basically a disease of uncontrolled cell division. the cancer inhibitors of the cell cycle keep cells dividing when conditions arnt right.
-
what are the 3 regions of the vertebral column
-
4 main bone types and examples
- long- humerus
- short-carpals (wrist)
- flat-frontal (skull)
- irregular- vertebrae
-
main parts of long bone
- diaphysis- (shaft) hollow tube made of hard compact bone
- medullary cavity- hollow area inside of diaphysis made of YELLOW BONE MARROW
- Epiphysis- the ends of long bone (red bone marrow fills small spaces in spongy bone)
- articular cartilage- thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epipysis (ends)
- Periosteum- dense fibrous tissue covering long bone everywhere except joint surfaces
- Endosteum- thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
-
what are living bone cells called?
osteocytes
-
osteocyctes lie between the hard layers of the lamellaw in little spaces called ___?
lacunae
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osteoclast _____ and osteoblast ________
dissolve existing bone tissue, form new bone
-
Some bones, such as the skull bone are formed by calcification of fibrous membrane in a process called______?
intramembranous ossification
-
softs spots on a babies head are called
fontanels
-
what is the fetal skeleton made of
cartilage
-
what is the axial skeleton and how many bones are there?
bones of the center (axis) make up the axial skeleton- skull, spine, chest and hyoid bone in the neck. there are 80 bones
-
what is the appendicular skeleton and how many bones
bones in the upper extremities (shoulder, arms, formarms) and lower extremities ) hip, thigh, legs) and it consist of 126 bones
-
how many bones form the skull? and what are they?
- 8 bones:
- frontal
- occipital
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- termporal x 2
- parietal x 2
-
how many bones form the face and what are they?
- 14 bones:
- nasal x 2
- zygomatic x 2
- maxilla x 2
- mandible
- palatine x 2
- inferior nasal concha x 2
- vomer
- lacrimal x 2
-
how many bones make up the ear and what are they
- 6 bones
- malleus x 2
- incus x 2
- stapes x 2
-
what is the hyoid bone
u shaped bone in neck that's not joined to any other bone.
-
what are the 3 main classifications of the bones in the human hand and how many are there
carpal 8, metacarpal 5, and phalanges 14. there are 27 bones in all.
-
three abnormal curve
- lordosis (sway back) curve in the lumbar
- kyphosis (hunch back) thoracic and cervical curve
- scoliosis- sideways curve in spine
-
what are true ribs?
rib pairs 1 through 7- attach to the spin and sternum
-
what are false ribs
rib pairs 8 through 10- attach through the sternum through cartilage
-
what are floating ribs
rib pairs 11 and 12- are not attached to any cartilage
-
what are the bones in the upper extremity of the appendicular skeleton
Scapula
Clavicle (frequently fractured)
Arm—humerus
Forearm—radius and ulna
Wrist—8 carpal bones
Hand—5 metacarpal bones
Fingers—14 phalanges or finger bones
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what are the bones in the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton
- coxal bones
- thigh bones- femur
- patella
- femur and tibia
- foot-
- 7 tarsal bones
- 5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges or toe bones
3 arches of foot—2 longitudinal (medial and lateral) and a transverse or metatarsal arch—if weakened, result is “flat feet”
-
-
pivot joint
head of radius rotating against ulna
-
saddle joint
joint of thumb
-
ball and socket joint
hip and shoulder joint
-
gliding joint
between vertebrae
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