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anatomy
study of body structures
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physiology
study of body function
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gross anatomy
study of structures using eyes only (no microscope)
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microscopic anatomy
study of structures using a microscope
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systemic anatomy
study of structures using a systemic approach
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cytology
study of the structure of cells
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histology
study of the structure of tissues
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pathology
study of the structure of disease
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pathophysiology
study of the effect of disease on function
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levels of organization
- atom
- molecules - chemical
- organelles
- cells - cellular
- tissues - histological
- organs - organ
- systems - systemic
- organism - organismic
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structural plan of the body
- vertebrate - have spine
- bilateral symmetry - right side mirrors left
- tube with a tube - skin, bones, muscles outer tube, organs inner tube
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superior
upward toward head
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inferior
downward toward feet
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cranial
region of the head
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caudal
region of the tail
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ventral
front of the body
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anterior
front of the body
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posterior
back of the body
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ipsilateral
same sides of the body
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contralateral
opposite sides of the body
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superficial
on the body surface
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deep
deep inside the body
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proximal
closest to the point of origin of a body structure
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distal
furtherest from the point of origin of a body structure
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visceral
covering a body organ or structure
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parietal
lining a body cavity
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intermediate
between 2 structures
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ventral cavity
- thoracic - upper chest
- abdominopelvic - abdomen/pelvis
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diaphragm
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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abdominopelvic cavity regions
- R/L hypochondriac
- R/L lumbar
- R/L iliac
- epigastric
- umbilical
- hypogastric
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right lumbar
gallbladder, ascending colon
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right iliac (inguinal)
appendix, cecum
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anatomical position
stand, face observer, feet forward, arms at side, palms forward
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integumentary system
- skin, hair, nails, glands
- protection, body temp regulation, vitamin D production, perception
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skeletal system
- bones, joints, cartilage
- movement, support, blood cell production
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muscular system
- all skeletal muscles
- movement, heat production, posture
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nervous system
- brain, spinal cords, eyes, ears, nerves
- generation of impulses through the body that cause body responses
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digestive system
- all digestive organs
- breakdown and absorption of food
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urinary system
- kidney, bladder, tubes
- controls volume and composition of blood, produces urine as a by-product
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reproductive
- male/female sex organs
- production of sperm, eggs, hormones
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respiratory system
- lungs and associated tubes
- O2 in, CO2 out of the body
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cardiovascular system
- heart, blood, vessels
- pump blood that carries O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste
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lymphatic/immune system
- spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
- removes bacteria, contains B and T cells
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endocrine system
- all glands that produce hormones
- control/regulate all body activities
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popliteal region
behind knee
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orbital region
eye socket
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body planes
imaginary lines used in photos and medical procedures
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midsagittal plane
divided into R/L through midline
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parasagittal plane
divided into R/L not through midline
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horizontal plane
cross-sectional plane
transverse plane
divided into top/bottom
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coronal plane
frontal plane
divided into front/back
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oblique plane
divided into superior/inferior at an angle
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homeostasis
- constant and stable maintenance of internal body conditions
- maintained using feedback loops
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feedback loop
cycle of events where status of a controlled condition is monitored
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control center
brain - determines set point of a controlled condition (ex. HR 75)
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receptors
nerve endings - monitor changes in controlled conditions and sends info to control center
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effectors
nerves - receive info from control center and produce desired response
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negative feedback loop
reverses what happens to the controlled condition
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positive feedback loop
increases what happens to the controlled condition
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