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What does the cerebellum do?
- coordinates posture, balance and movement
- sensory input comes from muscles, joints, eyes and ears
- analyses, then works with motor in cerebrum to produce a centre response.
- thought to be involved in learning and languages
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What does the hypothalamus control?
- appetite and thirst
- body temp
- emotion
- circadian rhythm
- sexual behavior
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What does the thalamus control?
- recognition of pain
- touch
- temp
- relays and redistributes from most of the brain to cerebral cortex
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What is the diencephalon?
- Connects cerebrum with brain stem
- also has thalamus and hypothalamus
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What are the 5 different lobes?
- Frontal- motor areas, motor speech, intellect, judgement behavior and prediction
- Parietal- awareness of movement and position
- temporal- sound of interpretation, smells
- occipital- visual perception and association
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What is the inner part of the cerebrum made of?
lots of nerve fibres- nerve tracts (white matter)
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How is the cerebral cortex designed?
- Many ridges and folds
- increases surface area
- increase number of cells in the brain
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What is the outer cerebrum called? and what is it composed of?
- cerebral cortex
- composed of grey matter (nerve cell bodies)
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what is the cerebrum divided into? and what are they connected by?
- 2 hemispheres R + L
- connection (corpus callosum) formed by nerves
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What is the largest part of the brain?
cerebrum
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what are the 4 parts of the brain?
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brain stem
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how much glucose and o2 does the brain use?
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what colour are the cell bodies and axons?
- cell bodies- grey
- axon- white
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what do the nodes of ranvier assist in?
rapid transmission of impulses
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what is myelin sheath formed by?
concentric schwann cells
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what do axons and dendrites do?
- axons carry impulses away from cell body
- dendrites carry impulses towards cell body
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what is a neuron?
- each cell has:
- 1 cell body
- 1 axon
- many dendrites
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what are the 2 nerve tissues?
- neurone- generate and transmit impulses- bundles called nerve
- neuroglia- supporting structure
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what is the peripheral nervous system?
- all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
- sensory (afferent)- impulses from body to CNS
- Motor (efferent)- impulses from CNS to body
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what is the central nervous system?
- brain + spinal cord
- 1) receives sensory information from nerves
- 2) analyses and processes the information
- 3) responds by sending a impulse via nerves to the body
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what are the two different types of system?
- central nervous system (CNS)
- peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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what is the purpose of the nervous system?
- detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body
- helps coordinate and control vital aspects of body function
- maintains homeostasis
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what is the brain stem divided into?
- mid brain
- pons varolli
- medulla oblongata
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What does the brain stem control?
levels of consciousness
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What does the brain stem control?
origins of cranial nerves
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What does the midbrain and the pons consist of?
- nerve fibres
- acts as relays between different parts of the brain
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What are the clumps of nuclei in the Pons called?
- pneumotaxic centre and apneustic centre
- work together with the respiratory centre in the medulla to control respiration
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what is the medulla continuous with?
Spinal cord
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What 3 centres are in the medulla?
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
- reflex
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What does the cardiovascular centre control?
- BP
- rate & force of contraction
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What does the respiratory centre control?
- rate & depth of respiration
- nerve impulses pass to phrenic and intercostal nerves
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What does the reflex centre control?
- vomiting
- coughing
- sneezing
- all reflexes that are activated in the medulla in response to irritants
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What crosses over in the medulla before they get to the spinal cord?
- motor nerves descending from the motor area of cerebrum.
- left hemisphere controls right of the body
- Right hemisphere controls left side of the body
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Where do the cranial nerves originate?
nuclei in the base of the brain
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how many pairs of nerves in make up the cranial nerves?
12 pairs
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Which nerve leaves the head and neck?
vagus nerve (the wanderer)
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What is the spinal cord continuous with?
medulla
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how long and what is the diameter of the little finger?
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Where does the spinal cord extend down to?
L1/L2
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What is it called when the spinal cord stops being a solid structure and fans out? where does this happen?
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What are the three layers of the meninges?
- Dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
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Describe the dura mater
- tough double layer lining the skull and the brain & cord
- potential space in between
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describe the arachnoid mater
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describe the pia mater
- delicate layer
- adhering to the brain & cord with multiple blood vessels
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what are the three spaces called?
- Subarachnoid
- epidural
- subdural
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How many ventricles are there in the brain?
4 chambers
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What is CSF?
cerebrospinal fluid
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what is secreted into each ventricle?
CSF
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What specialised cells secrete CSF and what rate is is secreted at?
- choroid plexuses
- 0.5 ml per minute
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Where does the CSF flow from the ventricles?
- subarachnoid space
- flows around subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord
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What is the CSF movement aided by?
- pulsating blood vessels
- posture
- respiration
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How is CSF absorbed?
by projections from the arachnoid mater (arachnoid villi)
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What colour is CSF?
clear and colourless
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What does CSF help maintain?
a uniform pressure around central nervous system
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what does the CSF act as?
cushion/shock absorber between brain and skull
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what does the CSF lubricate?
brain and cord
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what does the CSF fluid exchanges?
nutrients and waste
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
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how many pairs of nerves divide from the spinal cord to connect with the body
31 pairs
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Where does the first pair of spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?
occipital bone and 1st cervical vertebra
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How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves are there?
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal
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What does the Autonomic nervous system?
subconsciously controls body functions and homeostasis
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What do the specific ANS nerves effect?
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
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What is the ANS divided into?
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
- deal with stress
- excitement
- fight or flight
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What effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the body?
- stimulates cardiac activity
- opens the airways
- dilates skeletal blood vessels
- reduces gastric activity
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What does the parasympathetic do?
- general peacemaker
- rest and digest
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what effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the body?
- stimulates digestion and absorption of food
- slows down cardiac and respiratory activities
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