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1. What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- -temp regulation
- -protection of underlying tissues
- -retardation of water loss
- -housing sensory receptors
- -synthesizing certain chemicals
- -excreting waste
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2. What types of tissue make up the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers?
Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis - Dense connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers
Subcutaneous - loose connective tissue and insulating Adipose tissue
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3. What are the layers of the epidermis?
Stratum basale - Cell mitosis (function)
Stratum spinosum - Keratinization begins here
Stratum granulosum - Continued production of keratin and waterproofing lipids
Stratum lucidum - occurs mainly in the palms and soles, fingerprints occur here
Stratum corneum - prevents water loss from skin
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4. What is keratin, how was it formed, and what is its function?
- A fibrous protein, that is created by keratinocytes, which holds epithelial cells together to form a barrier; and it forms outer most layer of our skin that protects us from the environment
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5. What is melanin, which cell produces it, what are the two main types of melanin and what is its basic function?
- A pigment produced by melanocytes; eumelanin and pheomelanin are the 2 types, and it’s function is to protect deeper cells from the suns uv light.
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6. What are the major determinant of skin color?
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
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7. What are the dermal papillae?
- Finger like projections in the superior dermis layer
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8. List some of the accessory structures found within the Dermis
- - Hair follicle
- - Nerve and sensory fibers
- - Sweat and sebaceous glands
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9. Describe the three most common types of skin cancer
- - Basal cell carcinoma
- - Squamous cell carcinoma
- - malignant melanoma
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10. Describe how hair grows
- individual hairs develop from cells at the base of the hair follicle which contain the hair root
- as new cells are formed, old cells are pushed outward and become keratinized, and die forming the hair shaft
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11. What determines hair color?
- Genetics; melanin from melanocytes
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12. What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
- To erect the hair follicle in order to generate heat (It is called goose bumps when this happens)
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13. What are the types of skin/cutaneous glands?
- - Sebaceous
- - Sweat (eccrine, apocrine)
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14. What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and the type of sweat they produce?
- eccrine open via a duct to a pore on the skin surface, while apocrine empties into a hair follicle
- Eccrine sweat consists of mostly water, salt, vitamin c, and metabolic waste; while apocrine also has added proteins and fatty acids
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15. Describe how skin is involved in temperature regulation
- (Heat loss) sweating to cool the body, increased blood flow to superficial capillaries to allow heat to radiate out
- (Heat retention) constrict capillaries to reduce heat loss, piloerection (goosebumps)
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16. Describe the 4 symptoms of inflammation and their basic cause
- - Redness (vasodilation, more blood in the area)
- - Heat (large amount of blood accumulating in area and as a by-product of increased metabolic activity in tissue)
- - Swelling (increased blood vessels permeability and fluids leaving blood and go into tissue spaces called edema
- - Pain (injury to neurons; increased pressure from edema)
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17. Describe the stages of wound healing/tissue repair
- Blood vessels break
- - introduce clotting proteins
- - a clot walls off the injured area
- - scab forms
- Formulation of granulation tissue by fibroblasts
- - growth of new capillaries
- - rebuild collagen fibers
- Regeneration of surface epithelium
- -scab detaches
- -scar (elevation in normal epidermal surface from extensive collagen fibers below it)
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18. Describe first, second, and third degree burns, include what layers of the skin are involved
- 1st degree burn only damages the epidermis and causes redness and swelling
-2nd degree burn damages the epidermis and the upper dermis. It causes redness with blisters.
3rd degree burn damages entire skin layer even nerves. It causes skin to look gray/white or black
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