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What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Extract oxygen into the blood
Excrete water vapour
Excrete CO2
Ventilate lungs
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What part of the brain controls respiration?
Medulla oblongata
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What is external respiration?
Exchange of gasses between the alveoli and the blood in alveolar capillaries
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What 3 things do the air passages do to the air we breathe in?
Humidify
Warm
Filter
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List the 3 sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx (where the nose meets the pharynx)
Oropharynx (where the mouth meets the pharynx)
Laryngopharynx (where the pharynx meets the larynx)
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What is the medical term for the ‘windpipe’?
Trachea
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What is the first organ of the respiratory system?
Nose
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Air is a mixture of gases, can you list what air is composed of?
Inspired air: O2 21% / N 78% / CO2 0.04%
Expired air : O2 16% / N 78% / CO2 4%
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What are sinuses and where are they found?
The four sinuses are cavities, or hollow sacs, with a mucous lining. They are found in the head and keep the head light
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Describe the anatomy and function of the epiglottis
The epiglottis sits at the top of the larynx, below the glottis. It is a small leaf-shaped flap, and acts as a trap door to prevent aspiration when swallowing food
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How do we work out the total partial pressure of a gas?
The total partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the amount of that gas in a mix of gasses (so for oxygen in air, it has a partial pressure of 21kPa equating to 21%). Dalton’s law states that a gas exerts it’s own partial pressure in a max of gasses as though the other gasses weren’t present. This means that oxygen exerts a higher partial pressure in inspired air in the alveoli, but a lower partial pressure in environments where there is less oxygen, for example in the capillaries when blood is returning to the lungs, or at high altitude
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What is the space between the vocal cords called?
Glottis.
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What is the average respiratory rate for an adult (>12 years old)?
12-20 (c15)
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How does the nose achieve the 3 things you have listed in Q4 (humidify, warm, filter)?
Between the two sets of nares (anterior and posterior) are concha. These are th nose’s turbines, and are ridges that rotate the air, warming the air.
Cilia (found on ciliated columnar epithelia) filter the air.Goblet cells secrete mucous, and the epithelial cells are lined with mucous
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Describe 3 functions of the Pharynx
Passage for food.
Resonating chamber for speech.
Houses the tonsils.
Allows drainage from the ears (into the nasopharynx)
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What are the alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries
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What is the name of the membrane that lines the outside of the lung?
Visceral pleura.
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How many tonsils do we have? (Can you name them?)
6
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What is the name of the bone that anchors the tongue?
Hyoid
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What is the main function of the structure you have named in Q20?
Voicebox. Lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
Produces sound and speech
Protects lower tract during swallowing
Provides passage for airHumidifies, filters and warms air more.
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How long is the Pharynx?
12.5cm
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What is the trachea surrounded by and why?
C-shaped cartilage, which is rigid and firm, to keep the trachea open. The cartilage is c-shaped to allow the oesophagus to move behind it.
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Where does the trachea terminate?
Primary bronchi.
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Describe the difference in structure to the right and left bronchi
The right bronchus is more vertical and shorter than the left.
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What structure sits in between the Pharynx and Trachea?
Larynx
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Describe how the bronchi progressively subdivide including the changes to the structure and their linings.
The primary bronchi split into secondary and then tertiary bronchi, then into bronchioles and then terminal bronchioles. The cell structure changes from ciliated columnar epithelial cells, to non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells (with no goblet cells), then finally into squamous cells.
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What 3 structures make up a lobule?
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
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Define the term minute volume.
Minute volume = Tidal volume x breaths per minute
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What cells line the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and primary bronchi?
Squamous cells. This is because these parts of the pharynx are concerned with food.
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What cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx? Why?
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells. This is because these parts of the pharynx are concerned with breathing and the expulsion of waste products and mucous.
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What process takes place at the alveoli?
Exchange of gasses across the semi-permeable membrane of the alveolar wall, into capillaries.
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List the 3 single cartilages found in the larynx.
Epiglottis. Cricoid. Thyroid.
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Where do the bronchi, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins enter the lungs?
Hilem
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Describe how the left and right lung differ.
The right lung has 3 lobes, the left has 2 lobes.
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What is the name of the membrane that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity?
Perietal pleura.
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What is the space between the lungs and thoracic cage called? What does this area contain and why?
Pleural cavity. Contains serous fluid, to allow the lungs to move.
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The blood supply to the lungs is a double circulation. Can you name each one and briefly describe their process?
Pulmonary circulation – this oxygenates the blood.
Systemic circulation – blood feeding the body.
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What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gasses between blood in capillaries and the blood cells.
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Describe the movement of the diaphragm during ventilation.
The diaphragm contracts downwards, decreasing pressure in the thoracic cavity, pulling air into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, pressure is increased in the thoracic cavity, expelling air from the lungs.
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What is the name given to the air left in the air passages and what is the amount?
Anatomical dead space. C150ml.
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Define the term tidal volume.
Tidal volume is the amount of air taken into the lungs in each breath. C500ml.
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How does the process of gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli across the thin semi-permeable membrane, into capillaries. CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction, from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
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What muscles can aid in the movement of the rib cage during inspiration and expiration?
Intercostal.
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List 5 things that affect respiratory rates.
Age
Gender
Weight
Exercise
Nxiety
Pain
Some medicines
Smoking
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How long is the Larynx?
5cm long. Runs from C3 to C6.
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