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What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Extract o2 from the atmosphere and transfer it to the blood.
Excrete water vapour and co2.
Ventilate the lungs
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What part of the brain controls respiration?
Medulla Oblongata
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What is external respiration
The exchange of gases by diffusion between the alveoli and the blood in the alveolar capillaries.
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What 3 things do the air passages do to the air we breathe in?
Humidify, Warm and Filter.
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List the 3 sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
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What is the medical term for the ‘windpipe’?
Trachea
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What is the first organ of the respiratory system?
Nose
( via anterior nares)
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Air is a mixture of gases, can you list what air is composed of?
Inspired:
o2 - 21%
nitrogen - 78%
Co2 - 0.04%
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What is the average respiratory rate for an adult (>12 years old)?
12- 20
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What are sinuses and where are they found?
are small, air-filled cavities behind your cheekbones and forehead. The mucus produced by your sinuses usually drains into your nose through small channels.
They lighten your skull.
Frontal Sinus, Sphenoid Sinus, Ethmoid Sinus, Maxillary Sinus.
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Describe the anatomy and function of the epiglottis.
Leaf Shaped Fibroelastic cartilage ( flap) it is covered with Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
It prevents Food particles entering the trachea and into the lungs.
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How do we work out the total partial pressure of a gas?
is the ( amount of ) pressure of a specific gas in a mixture.
Add all the gases together
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What is the space between the vocal cords called?
Glottis
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How does the nose Warm , Humidify and Filter
Warm: its highly vascular so it uses the blood supply to warm it also it uses the concha to turbinate the air to heat it.
Humidify: Moist mucosa saturates it with water vapour as the air passes through.
Filter: hairs in the Anterior Nares trap the larger particles and smaller particles anger to the mucous.
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Describe the functions of the Pharynx
Passageway for food: its involved in the respiratory and digestive systems, air passes through the nasal/oral sections and food through the Oral/Laryngeal sections
Warming/Humidify: Same as the Nose, air is further warmed and moistened as it passes towards the lungs
Hearing: Auditory tube extends from the nasopharynx to the middle ear allowing air to enter the middle ear. Equal pressures in each middle ear.
Protection: Lymphatic tissue of the Pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils produces antibodies in response to swallowed or inhaled antigens.
Speech: acting as a resonating chamber for sound ascending from the larynx. It helps giving the voice its individual characteristics.
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What are the alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries ( small blood vessel's )
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What is the name of the membrane that lines the outside of the lung?
Parietal Pleura
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How many tonsils do we have? (Can you name them?)
5 Tonsils:
nasopharyngeal, Adenoid, Palatine,
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What is the name of the bone that anchors the tongue?
Hyoid Bone
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*What structure sits in between the Pharynx and Trachea?
Larynx
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What is the main function of the Larynx
Voicebox
Lined with Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Cells
Produces sound and speech Protects lower tract during swallowing
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How long is the Pharynx
12-14cm Long
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What surrounds the Trachea and why
16-20 incomplete C shaped Rings of Cartilage. To ensure Oesophagus has space to move food. also Protect the trachea.
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Where does the Trachea Terminate
Thoracic 5 ( T5) at the Corina. Where it Bifocate's.
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Describe the Difference in Structure of the right and left Bronchi
Right: More vertical and Shorter ( easily blocked)
Left: More Horizontal and Longer.
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Describe how to Bronchi Subdivide including changes to the structure and their linings.
You have Primary secondary and tertiary bronchi and Terminal Bronchioles. They keep getting smaller.
No Cartilage at Bronchiolar level as it would prevent gas exchange.
Smooth Muscle replaces Cartilage in smaller airways to allow airway diameter to increase/decrease.
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What 3 structures make up a lobule?
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli
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Define the term minute volume.
Tidal Volume X Breathing rate
500ml x 15bpm = 7.5L
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What cells line the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and primary bronchi?
Squamous cells. Due to the food passing through these parts of the Pharynx
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What cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx? Why?
Ciliated Columnar epithelial cells - the expulsion of waste products and mucous.
( this part of the Pharynx deal with breathing also hence waste products)
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List the 3 single cartilages found in the structure you have named in the Larynx
Epiglottis
Cricoid
Thyroid
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What process takes place at the alveoli?
gas exchange via diffusion:
Movement of a gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi permeable membrane.
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Where do the bronchi, pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins enter the lungs
Hilum
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Describe how to right and left lobes differ.
Right lung has 3 lobes
Left has 2 ( due to heart taking up space)
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What is the name of the membrane that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity?
Parietal Pleura
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What is the space between the lungs and thoracic cage called? What does this area contain and why?
Pleural Cavity: it contains serous fluid to allow lungs to move.
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The blood supply to the lungs is a double circulation. Can you name each one and briefly describe their process?
Pulmonary Circulation - Oxygenates the blood
Systemic circulation - blood feeding the body.
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What is internal respiration?
Exchanges of gasses between the blood in capillaries and the blood cells. ( gas exchange in the cells)
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Describe the movement of the diaphragm during ventilation.
Diaphragm contracts, decreasing pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Pulling air into the lungs. Diaphragm relaxes pressure is increased in the thoracic cavity expelling air from the lungs.
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What is the name given to the air left in the air passages and what is the amount?
Anatomical dead space.
150ml
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Define the term tidal volume.
Amount of air taken into the lungs with each breath
500ml
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How does the process of gas exchange occur?
In Alveoli: o2 diffuses from the alveoli across the thin semi permeable membrane into Capillaries. Co2 diffuses in the different direction from an area of high - low concentration.
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What muscles can aid in the movement of the rib cage during inspiration and expiration?
Intercostal muscles
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List 5 things that affect respiratory rates
Age
Exercise
Gender
weight
Anxiety
Pain
Smoking
Some medicines
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How long is the Larynx?
5cm
C3 to C6
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