Direct and Indirect Antiglobulin Testing 8.3

Blood banking techniques are concerned with what two antibodies found in serum.

What does Marcellus Wallace look like?

__________ antibodies are not capable of physically clumping a suspension of red blood cells.

what type of antiglobulin recognizes one epitope?

what type of antiglobulin recognizes different epitopes?

where are antigens found?

blood banking concerns itself with antigens found on what two cell membranes?

this is an antibody prepared in rabbits that is directed against human antibodies.

what are two other names for antihuman globulin?

this is a series of proteins in circulation that when activated can cause disruption of bacterial and other cel membranes.

term used to denote that red blood cells are coated with antibody or complement.

this is inactivating an antibody by reacting it with an antigen against which it is directed.

the process used to recover antibdies off of sensitized red blood cells.

this is a substance that will enchance antigen-anitbody interactions.

this poteniator reduces the ionic strength of a red cell suspension medium.

what potentiator increases the affinity of the antigen for its corresponding antibody.

what potentiator is a water soluble, linear polymer that produces very specific reactions?

what potentiator removes water to concentrate antibody?

what percent albumin is used as a potentiator?

what potentiator is a colloidal diluent that works best for Rh antibodies?

the original test principle of antihuman globulin sera was developed in 1908 by who?

use of the antihuman globulin sera test was established in 1945 by what three people?

AHG is used to detect RBC's sensitized by _________ antibodies.

in 1957, __________ discovered antiglobulin reagent could be used to detect the sensitization of red blood cells with complement.

AHG can detect _________ which is bound to the RBC membrane.

AHG led to the finding of what certain blood group systems demonstratable only by antiglobulin techniques.

what are the two classes of AHG?

AHG classes are based on what?

what are the subdivisions of AHG?

AHG is subdivided by what?

what is the technology used for monclonal AHG?

what type of AHG produces an immortal cell line that produces a specific antibody?

what are the three advantages of monoclonal AHG?

what are the three disadvantages of monoclonal AHG?

what type of AHG is produced by more than one spleen lymphocyte that produces immunoglobulin?

polyclonal sera made from these animals will be directed against what?

what are the two advantages of polyclonal AHG?

what are the two disadvantages of polyclonal AHG?

Disadvantages of of monoclonal reagents may be overcome by what type of AHG?

what are the two types of AHG blends?

polyspecific AHG is a blend of what three globulins?

polyspecific AHG detects red cells that have been sensitized with ____ antibodies or complement.

what are the five basic types of monospecific AHG?

the principle of the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) is to detect ________ sensitized red cells.

The Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) is a ______-stage test.

in what antiglobulin test are steps taken to minimize in-vitro red cell sensitization?

blood for DAT is collected using what anticoagulant?

what temperature should DAT samples be tested at?

The DAT is used to determine what four condtions?

For DAT cells are first washed with saline how many times?

true or fase
washing cells for DAT may be done as part of the initial 2-5% cell suspension for ABO testing.
True False

what is the purpose of washing cells in the DAT?

one drop of what ratio dilution of human serum can neutralize one drop of antiglobulin serum.

for DAT washed cells must be completely _________ in the tube of saline.

wasing in DAT must be done ______ and _________ to avoid elution of the antibody.

what should be decanted after each wash of cells?

durring which washes should you leave a residual amount of saline to resuspend the cell button?

when washing cells saline should be added in a ________ stream.

residual saline from washing can dilute what?

what should be done after the third and final wash?

for the DAT procedure a 2-5% saline suspension should be prepared from _______ cells.

how many drops of 2-5% saline suspension should be added to a tube for DAT?

how many drops of antiglobulin serum should be added to the washed cell button in DAT?

Durring the DAT when may may three additional washing need to be performed?

what is the AHG to cell ratio for DAT?

in the DAT procedure, after centrifuging, read for __________ while gently resuspending the cell button.

the DAT should be read ____________ and ____________.

a positive, in the DAT, procedure indicates that cells were sensitized by _________ and/or ___________ in vivo.

if checks cells fail to agglutinate in the tubes what is indicated?

how many tubes are used for the DAT battery/panel

for the DAT batter negative results must be verified how?

the principle of the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) is to detect ______ sensitized red cells.

how many stages are the the IAT procedure?

what is the sample used in the IAT?

what are the three applications of the IAT test?

what antiglobulin test is used to detect antigens on RBCs not demonstrated by other typings?

what are four antigens that are tested by IAT?

the reagent used for IAT is commercially prepared _________ specifically chosen for the broad range of antigens expressed.

commercially prepared red cell reagents used in IAT are commonly called __________ cells.

how many types of screening cells are generally used in IAT?

in IAT ___ drop of screen cell suspension is mixed with ___ drops of serum

without the use of a potentiator, how long should IAT samples be incubated at 37^oC?

use of LISS reduces incubation to ______ minutes vs. 30-60 minutes.

most IgG antibodies react optimally at what temperature?

what temperature does complement activation occur best at?

after the incubation stage red cells should be washed ___ times in saline

In IAT, after incubation and wash, how many drops of antiglobulin serum should be added to the washed cell button?

in the IAT if cells agglutinate ni the antiglobulin serum what reaction is indicated?

a positive reaction in IAT, indicates that a ______________ reaction occurred durring the incubation.

no agglutination in the antiglobulin sera indicates what reaction in IAT?

if negative IAT, __________ must be added to the tubes to confirm the activity of the antiglobulin serum.

bacterial contamination of cells leading to T-activation can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

Anti-T occurs _________ in everyone's serum

All cells with activated T sites ___________.

saline and glassware contaminated with silica particles, or other debris and dirt can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

over-centrifugation can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

cells that are positive by the direct antiglobulin test cannot be used in a _______ test.

cells that are positive by the direct antiglobulin test cannot be used in an indirect test, why?

what testing method can a false positive be caused by refigerated specimens.

serum may contain _______ autoantibodies capable of sensitizing red cells with complement at refigerator temperatures and sometimes even at room temp.

what type of antibodies may be missed if anti-coagulated plasma or old serum is used.

neutralization of the antiglobulin due to poor wasing can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

contamination of the reagent with human globulin can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

elution of the antibody during the wasing can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

use of an incorrect incubation temperaute can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

use of an incorrect incubation temperature will cause antibody activity to ________.

improper concentration of cells and serum can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

omitting the antiglobulin serum can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

under centrifugation can cause what type of false result in AHG testing?

AHG is store at what temperature when not in use?

the specificity of antiglobulin reagents should be tested how often?

Anti-IgG activity is confirmed by the use of ____ coated cells

Anti-Complement activity is confirmed by the use of __________ coated red cells.

AHG is test against _______ cells to be free of antibody and complement daily.

This is performed daily before use of reagent red cells.

what controls must be used for IAT and DAT testing?

what type of cells must be used for weak expression of antigens.