APUSH midterm

first effort to tax American colonists in 1765 to raise revenue and alleviate British debt, met with resistance

asserted that Parliament had complete authority to govern on colonial matters (colonial assemblies had no legitamate authority)

organizations that allowed colonial leaders to communicate through letters about British efforts to infringe upon colonial liberties and colonial efforts to resist British action

influential piece of propoganda to persuade ordinary colonists to support independence (attacked monarchies & promoted republican government)

1764 effort by British to clamp down on illegal smuggling and reinstate mercantaist policies - included vice admirality courts (courts without juries to try suspected smugglers)

passed in response to Boston tea party - closed Boston harbor to all trade & outlawed public meetings

first armed conflict between England and the colonies - took place between the first and second continental congresses and helped increase support for independence

organization that was crucial to the success of the American boycott of British goods by producing American made products

political organization meeting in 1776 - had representatives from all 13 colonies & was created to continue the debate over how to respond to British repression and was responsible for drafting and unanimously ratifying the Declaration of Independence

British argument that the American colonists were represented by the merchants who conducted business in the colonies

colonial merchants had been required to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses

was a meeting of elected representatives from some of the British colonies in North America to devise a unified protest against new British taxation

required New England colonies to trade exclusively with Great Britain

argued that the Townshend Acts were illegal because they were intended to raise revenue, a power held only by the colonial assemblies

first organized plan of government, weak central gov.

military victory over the british marked a turning point in the war & convinced France to be an ally to the US

domestic uprising of poor farmers, showed weakness of the national government under the articles of confederation, led to the calling of a constitutional convention

name given to people who supported the ratification of the constitution and a strong FEDERAL government

consent of the governed - authority comes from the people

britian formally recognized american independence

established territorries in Ohio, Indiana, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan - explained guidelines for creating a new state - prohibited extension of slavery to this region

most significant issue about the new constitution - led to an agreement for a bicameral legislature
senate: upper house with equal representation (VA plan)
house: lower house with representation based on population (NJ plan)

opposed raitifcation of constitution - feared new government would be too powerful

writings in newspapers providing arguments about why the constitution should be ratified - written by Hamilton

Jefferson's political party - against Hamilton's financial plan & the creation of a national bank

Hamilton's political party - self sufficent economy based on England

led to an undeclared naval quasi war with france

chief justice of supreme court - expanded authority of the supreme court and federal gov.

violation of neutral trading rights in attempt to force England and France to respect American ships engaged in overseas trade - was a huge failure and harmed US ships under the Jefferson administration

first secretary treasury - brought economic stability & laid foundations for economic growth after ratification of constitution

meeting of federalists during war of 1812 showed federalist opposition to the war - wanted to make it harder for the US gov to add new states and go to war

congressional acts designed to surpress opposition to John Adams & naval war with France that his administration was supporting

treaty that did not help americans very much, but did prevent a war with England

supreme court case - national bank was constutional, state government tax on national bank was unconstutional

abolitionist martyr was hung for raid on Harper's ferry- hoped to encourage slaves to rise up

supreme court case - congress had no authority to restrict slavery - missouri compramise was unconstutional

abolitionist novel by harriet beecher stowe

political party rose as a result of kansas nebraska act - formed around issue of restricting the spread of slavery to new territorries - eventually nomicated abraham lincoln for president

promoted by stephen douglass, wanted to allow people living in new territorries to decided by popular vote if slavery was allowed

war provoked by US for control of CA and territorry in the Southwest - US gained CA, AZ, CO, NM, and UT

reignited sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery - led to end of the whig party - contributed to armed conflict in Kansas between pro and anti slavery forces

support territorial expansion of the us across the continent

lincoln's victory in this election resulted in the secession of the southern states

laws passed in the north as a result of the fugative slave act - guaranteed any fugative slave would be afforded due process protections and a right to trial by jury

largest battle ever fought in the western hemisphere - union victory was a turning point in the civil war

bloodiest day in american military history - gave Lincoln the opportuinity the issue the emancipation proclamation

slave states that remained loyal to the union (maryland, missouri)

first offical batte between confederate and union armies - confederate victory - showed that the war wouldbe very long and very violent

effort to save union and prevent civil war - called for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery & extending the MO compramise line to the pacific ocean

finer commander of the union army ran as the democratic candidate in the election of 1864 as a peace candidate

first all black military unit to fight in the civil war

important victory for the union - gave the union complete controll over the MS river and made Grant a hero

lee surrendered in northern VA

showed resentment in the north towards conscription (draft) and the emancipation proclamation

overthrow of reconstruction governments in the south - restoration of the democratic party and white supremacy

overturned dred scott decision - granted citizenship to african americans and former slaves

gave black people the right to vote

term used to demean southern republicans

organization to help former slaves transition from slavery to freedom - provided food, clothing, schools

freed slaves exchanged labor and crops for land and tools (new economic system, basically slavery 2.0)

economic system that ensured black people and poor white farmers would remain in a cyce of debt and poverty - reduced social mobility

andrew johnson was impeached because he violated this law by firing a cabinet member because he supported the radical republicans

pocket vetoed by lincoln - strict reconstrictuion bill that would require 50% of all white southerners to take an oath before reentering the union

leader of radical republicans in hor - refused to acept johnon's lenient reconstruction plans

helped facilitate the creation of the market economy - linked east and west coasts

sought to destroy native american culture & force them to assimilate and become landowning farmers and christians

military victory for Lakota and Cheyenne by resisted US encroachment on their land

massacre of Lakota Sioux in South Dakota in 1890 - end of meaningful native American resistance to US efforts to force native people onto reservation

native american religious movement that scared white americans and led to the arrest and murder of sitting bull

nickname for the great plains - early settlers thought this region was unfit for settlement and agriculture

leader of Lakota Sioux, last native American leader to surrender and accept life on a reservation

led the Nez Pearce on a march fleeing confinement on a reservation - captured by us army and returned to reservation

congressional legislature - barred an entire ethnic group from immigrating to the US

legislation by congress to regulate railroads

most successful union of the 19th century - organized skilled workers for attainable goals such as better hours and better wages

method that led to increased steel production - used by Andrew Carnegie

laws to promote the inerests of farmers in the Great Plains and protect them from railroad companies

process by which unions negotiate

led to the deaths of several chicago policemen and the downfall of the knights of labor - swayed public opinion against unions

established a monopoly over the oil industry in USA - standard oil co

Journalists such as Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair that inspired others to get involved in reform movements & exposed the darker side of the industrial revolution

a political group in which an authoritative boss commands the support of a corps of supporters who receive rewards (most famous is Boss tweed & tammany hall)

eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption

organization to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in Chicago

set regulations for industry bc of reform movements ** upton sinclair

government agency responsible for regulation of industry **upton sinclair

represents rights of consumers on market and work issues

incident that showed the need for better working conditions & safety regulations

organization founded during reconstruction that reemerged during the 1920's as a national organization that was hostile to anyone who was not a native born white protestant

immigration act passed in the 1920's designed to limit the amount of "undesirable" immigrants from south & east europe

this trial illustrated the culture war that developed in the US during the 1920s, it focused on teaching evolution in public schools

after WW1 & the russian revolution, a panic & fear of communism & radicalism spread

artistic & creative period embracing black culture during the 1920's

government efforts to round up dangerous radicals who were seen as a danger to national security & public safety

business in the 1920's began to provide better pay & benefits (health insurance, pensions) to build a more loyal workforce & prevent unions from growing stronger

showed the corruption of the harding administration (early 1920s)

supported the idea of separation from white society & the back to africa movement

18th amendment, led to powerful organized crime (the mafia)

gov agency during new deal to enfore regulations on the stock market

New Deal program, laid the foundation for the modern welfare state, created a gvernment run old age pension to prevent the elderly from ending up in poverty

built dams/rural electrification projects in underdeveloped areas of the US to create jobs & economic development

early days of the new deal, lots of stuff got passed

enocouraged farmers to produce less (in order to prevent surpluses) by providing them with subsidies ($) to raise agricultural prices to improve economic conditions of farmers

WW1 veterans marched on Washinton to demand early payment of their pensions (Hoover did not give them their pensions)

new deal policy to restore confidence in banks by insuring (protecting) deposits of up to $250,000 (if the bank fails, you won't lose all your money)

turning point in the war against japan from the pacific

laws before WW2 to prevent the us from being drawn into the war in europe, prohibited loans or weapons sales

promoted us isolationism

allowed the us to provide arms & equiptment to england or any other nation whose defense was important to us security (arsenal for democracy)

threatened a march on washington in 1941 to protest racial discrimination in employment in the defense industry

first female senator (MT), only memeber of congress to vote against going to war with japan after pearl harbor

gave american veterans financial assistance for education, job training, medical care, pensions, & low interest mortgages, largest expansion of the welfare state during WW2

became president after FDR & oversaw the nation as WW2 ended & the Cold War began, he unleashed 2 atomic bombs on Japan

top secret project that developed the first atomic bomb

Japanese attack that led the us to declare war on Japan