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flexion
bend/decrease angle
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extension
straighten/increase angle
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plantarflexion
point toes
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pronation
palms down/fallen arches
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supination
palms up/high arches (holding a bowl of soup)
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internal/medial rotation
towards midline
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external/lateral rotation
away from midline
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principal support structure (skull, vertebrae column, rib cage)
axial skeleton
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extremities/appendages
appendicular skeleton
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5 functions of bone
- provide structure
- protect organs
- site of muscle attachment
- movement
- make blood cells
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elongated shaft of bone
diaphysis
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growth zones where diaphysis meets epiphysis
Metaphysis
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hollow chamber along diaphysis (where bone marrow is stored)
Medullary Cavity
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membrane lining medullary cavity
endosteum
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fatty material, fills medullary cavity
yellow marrow
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fills ribs, sternum, vertebrae, calcaneous, humerus, femur & makes blood
red marrow
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tough covering enveloping surface of bone
periosteum
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covers each epiphysis
articular/hyaline cartilage
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consists of interwoven beams, mechanical alteration, responds to stress
cancellous/spongy bone
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in long bones, dense bone
compact bone
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hyaline cartilage, growth years (growth plates)
epiphyseal disc
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tough fibers, connect periosteum to bone
sharpey's fibers
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hollow camber along diaphysis
volkmann's canals
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clearly long in one axis (femur/thigh, finger/toe)
long bones
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cube shaped (carpal/wrist, tarsal/ankle)
short bones
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more flat than round (cranial, scapula, ribs), good for muscle attachment
flat bones
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2 or more different shapes (vertebrae)
irregular bones
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developed within tendons, resists friction/compression (patella)
sesmoid bones
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small hairline crack in bone
stress fracture
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bone breaks, does not break skin
close/simple fracture
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bone breaks, jagged ends of bone puncture skin
open/compound fracture
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bone breaks not through full none
incomplete fracture
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bone breaks, through full bone
complete fracture
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bone bends, cracks, youth
greenstick fracture
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hairline fracture, alongside of bone
fissured
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breaks due to compression, bending, torsion
oblique
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result of a torsion or twisting
spiral
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bone breaks in 3 or more pieces
segmental
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shattered in many pieces
comminuted
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ends of leg bone no longer in alignment
displaced
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bones push into one another
compacted
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2 bones squished in one another
compression
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bone breaks along transverse plane
transverse
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chip of bone breaks off of alignment
avulsion
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opening of bone, passageway for nerves
foramen
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rounded end of a bone (on femur and humerus)
condyle
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point of anchor for muscle (tibia)
tuberosity
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small rounded process
tubercle
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portion suppoerted by a constricted part
head
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narrowing ridge of bone (iliac)
crest
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sharp, slender process (scapula)
spine
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contractive tissue, can shorten and contract
muscle
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on or between bones at joints, gristle like padding
cartilage
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smooth surface allows for easy glide, shiny, reduces friction
hyaline cartilage
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provides support/cushion (meniscus)
fibrocartilage
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encloses freely movable joints, lined with synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid (synovium)
joint capsule
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fibrous tissue-lined synovial sac of fluid between moving structures outside the joint, between tendon/bone, allows friction free movement (aspirate- suck liquid out)
bursa
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Most abundant tissues
connective
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tough dense connective tissue
collagenous
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blood cells
hematopoietic
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lack motion
immovable joint
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irregular joint between flat bones of cranium
suture
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uses cartilage as bonding tissue (growth areas of long bones in kids)
synchondroses
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can move
movable joints (Omg really ?!)
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pad of fibrocartialge between bones
symphyses
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lack fibrocartialge, held together by interosseous ligament
syndemoses
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freely movable (synovial fluid lubricates movable joints)
synovial joint
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what type of synovial joint is the shoulder ?
ball and socket
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what type of synovial joint are the elbow and knee ?
hinge
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what type of synovial joint is the thumb ?
saddle
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what type of synovial joint is the neck ?
pivot
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what type of synovial joint are the wrist and ankle ?
gliding
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what type of synovial joint is the wrist ?
elipsodial/condyloid
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directs the primary sports med team, final authority
team physician
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certified (ATC), work under physician, facilitator, prevention, recognition, evaluation, rehab, conditioning
athletic trainer
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teach skills/strategies, properly equipment, teach technique, reinforce safety/injury prevention
coach
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focusing on achieving optimum performance
athlete
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gain practical experience to pursue a degree
student AT
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broad background in various types of problems and treatments
physical therapist
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Gastroenterology
digestive system
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duties of an ATC
Assist school physician
Supervise strength and conditioning programs
Instruct prevention of injury
Advise proper training techniques
First aid in service programs
Advise proper strength, development, training
Assist school health officials
Advise safety conditions
Supervise school athletic training room
Maintain records
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criteria for injury
Pain (1-10)
Decreased ROM
Muscle weakness
Loss of function
Swelling (inflammation)
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at a specific time (macrotrauma)
acute
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gradual onset (mircotrauma)
chronic
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increasing muscle mass
hypertrophy
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developed through habit
acquired
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injury to ligament
sPrain
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injury to tendon or muscle
sTrain
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strong fibrous connections that limit ROM
adhesions
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abnorma swelling of fluids in tissue
edema
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softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
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crunching feeling between roughened surfaces of bone
crepitis
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ends of 2 bones at a joint are no longer articular (no longer together)
dislocation
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ends of 2 bones moving slightly away from each other
separation
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bone slips out of joint but slides back in
subluxation
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formation of bones within muscle tissue
myositis ossificans
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inflammation of tendon
tendonitis
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inflammation of bursa
bursitis
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bone break down happens faster than bone growth
osteoporosis
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cells with enzymes to break down bone
osteoclasts
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cells that create new bone
osteoblasts
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