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How much does bovine TB cost a year?
≥£150 million
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Besides TB what do badgers cost the UK a year in damages? What are these damages?
- £41.5 million
- Tunnels
- Predation of lambs
- Crop damage
-
What bacteria contaminate silage?
-
When was strychnine poisoning (of moles) banned in the UK?
2006
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How much did mole damage cost per landowner in Atkinson et al. 1994?
£126 (~£235 in 2015)
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In Baker et al. 2016 who spent the most on mole control?
Amenity
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In King et al. 2017 what was the success of beehive fences in deterring elephants and which groups were most deterred?
- 80% did not breach the fence
- Large groups most deterred --> especially good to reduce crop damage :)
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In Chellia et al. 2010 how successful was chilli deterrent of elephants and which groups were most deterred?
- Males breached on 38-92% occasions
- Females only 0-6%, especially in herds with young calves
- (INDIA)
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As part of management, elephants were culled in Zimbabwe. How many were killed and how much of their meat was donated to locals?
-
What are three ways wildlife may lead to human mortality?
- 1. Diseases (e.g. rabies)
- 2. Transport collisions
- 3. Direct attacks
-
How many people are killed by sharks every year?
-
How many people die from snakes a year? How many physical disabilities result from snakes?
- 81-143000 (WHO estimation)
- 3x as many amputations and physical disabilities
-
Where did emus come in Australias deaths?
Number 10 - 5 people killed a year
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Who did "the little gentleman in black velvet" kill and when was it?
-
How many people a year are killed by elephants in Africa and Asia?
- Africa: 17.6
- Asia: 1000 over 3 years
-
How many people are supposedly killed by hippos a year?
500
-
What percentage of attacks by sloth bears are fatal?
6%
-
How many people are killed by lions a year in Tanzania?
38 per year
-
What are 3 preventative measures of human fatalities as a result of wildlife?
- 1. Education
- 2. Spatial separation
- 3. Temporal separation
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In the US and EU how many fatalities and injuries are there as a result of road collisions with large mammals and how much does this cost?
- US: 200 fatalities, 29000 injuries, >£1 billion
- EU: 300 fatalities, 30000 injuries, > £1 billion
-
How many introduced species become invasive?
1 in 10
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Give 5 ways invasive species may arise.
- 1. Agriculture
- 2. Companion animals
- 3. Sport hunting
- 4. Aesthetic reasons
- 5. Misguided conservation actions (e.g. North American beavers vs European beavers)
-
Approximately what percentage of species are listed as invasive?
1%
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Which is the worst group of animals to be affected by invasive species? What percentage are affected? What is their main issue?
- 16% of Amphibians
- Chytrid fungus
-
How many mammals, birds and reptiles are affected by an invasive species?
6-8%
-
Of the IUCN's top 100 invasive species, how many are vertebrates? How many are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals?
- 27 vertebrates
- Fish: 8
- Amphibian: 2
- Reptile: 1
- Birds: 3
- Mammals: 13
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What are the four stages of management on the invasion curve?
- 1. Prevention
- 2. Eradication
- 3. Containment
- 4. Asset-based protection & long-term management
-
What are the labels on the axes of the invasion curve?
-
Where is the cane toad native?
Central and South America
-
When and where was the cane toad introduces to protect sugarcane?
-
When was the cane toad introduced to Australia?
1935 (in Gordonvale)
-
In how many countries is the cane toad classified as an invasive species?
>20
-
What factors make the cane toad a good invasive species?
- Relatively large (largest 1.3kg pet!)
- Broad diet including scavenging
- Highly fecund - ♂ lay >8000 eggs
- Poisonous
-
In Jolly et al.2015, what effects did the cane toad have on species diversity and abundance?
- Diversity: reduced by 31%
- Abundance: reduced by 40%
-
Which species benefitted from the presence of cane toads in Jolly et al. 2015?
- Brush turkey
- Since predators of their eggs were reduced
-
What effects of cane toads were seen on different monitor lizards in a study by Doody et al. 2017?
(After 6-7 years and then after 15 years)
- Yellow Spotted:- 80% decline
- - no longer detected
- Mitchell's Monitor:- 40% decline
- - No longer detected
- Merton's water monitor:- 50% decline
- - further 40% decline
-
What species was trained to avoid cane toads and what method was used?
- Northern Quoll
- Conditioned aversion
-
When and where and why/how was the Burmese python introduced?
- Florida
- 1992
- Hurricane Andrew: destroyed breeding facility
-
How are Burmese pythons managed?
- - Capturing them on the road when basking
- - Judas animals
-
In a study by Smith et al. 2016 looking at judas pythons, how much did it cost per snake?
- $11,000
- (But the snakes caught were bigger than those caught on roads so had greater breeding potential)
-
What impacts have pythons had?
- Decline in many mammals
- Increase in small rodents
- Increase in mosquitoes biting humans
- Increase in some species (e.g. turtles due to reduced egg predation)
-
Where is the Brown Tree Snake native and where was it accidentally introduced?
- Native: North Australia and Papua New Guinea
- Introduced: Guam after WWII as stowaways on planes
-
What impacts have brown tree snakes had on Guam?
- Predated seed-dispersing birds to point of extirpation
- ⇒61-92% reduction in seeding recruitment
-
Where is the Common Mynah native and where was it introduced?
- Native: Asia
- Introduced: Australia, Hawaii, NZ, South Africa and Japan (Many times to control insect pests unsuccessfully)
-
What percentage of Sooty Tern eggs are predated by Mynahs?
18%
-
What impacts does the common mynah have on cavity-nesting species, small species and larger species in Graroch et al. 2012?
- 3/8 cavity-nesting species impacted
- 7/8 small species
- None of the larger species
-
What effects of trapping mynahs were seen on large and local scales in Graroch et al. 2014?
- Large scale: no sig. effect
- Local scale: significant effect in reducing mynah numbers
-
What is suggested to citizens as the method to kill mynahs?
Carbon Monoxide (from car exhaust)
-
How many mynahs died in the traps (Liney et al. 2017)?
1.4%
-
What percentage of species considered endangered or critically endangered?
12%
-
What percentage and how many endangered or critically endangered species are found on islands?
-
Of the 1189 endangered/critically endangered species found on islands what percentage are found ONLY on islands?
92%
-
Of the 1189 endangered/critically endangered species found on islands what percentage are restricted to a single island?
70%
-
What percentage of amphibians on islands are EN or CR?
87%
-
What percentage of reptiles on islands are EN or CR?
67%
-
What percentage of birds on islands are EN or CR?
51%
-
What percentage of mammals on islands are EN or CR?
65%
-
What percentage of the 1288 islands have at least one invasive species?
76%
-
How many and what percentage of the 1189 EN/CR species on islands have been extirpated from at least one island?
-
How many extinctions have there been as a result of invasive species on islands? Over how many islands have they occurred?
- 273 extinctions
- 202 islands
-
Which island is the worst for extinctions due to invasive species?
- Guam
- - 5 birds
- - 2 reptiles
- - 1 mammal have all gone extinct
-
How many species are listed by the IUCN?
>25000
-
In Tershey et al. 2015 the IUCN lists how many extinct animals and how many of these are island species?
- 757 extinct animals
- 461 (61%) island species
-
What percentage of amphibian, bird, and mammal species are island species?
- Amphibians and Mammals: 54%
- Birds: 95%
-
When were red foxes supposedly introduced to Tasmania?
1999/2000
-
When was the 1080 baiting campaign of red foxes implemented in Tasmania?
2002
-
How much did the eradication of foxes in Tasmania programme cost?
(AU) $30-50 million
-
What explains the fox sightings in Tasmania despite there never actually being any there?
Cognitive bias
-
What are the 3 ways of eradicating a population?
- 1. prevent all reproduction
- 2. kill all individuals
- 3. translocate all individuals
-
When and how many hedgehogs were introduced to South Uist?
-
What are the effects of hedgehogs presence or absence on different islands on the birds there?
- Hedgehogs present:
- Benbecula: Decline by 17.1%
- Hedgehogs Absent:
- Baleshare: Increase by 31.6%
- North Uist: Both increase and decline
- Berneray: Decline by 2.2.%
-
How many of 5000 hedgehogs on South Uist were culled as part of the Uist Wader Project and what year was this? How much did it cost ber hedgehog?
- 700 culled in 2003
- Cost £800 per hedgehog
-
What were the results of a 2004 study on translocation of hedgehogs?
- Wild controls: approx 60% survival
- Recipient wild: 95%
- Rehabilitated: close to control
- Directly translocated: 40% (couldn't cope with fast change)
- Captive translocation: 82% survival
-
How much did the removal of 2400 hedgehogs from South Uist cost?
>£2.6 million
-
As of Nov 2017, how many successful island eradications have happened and how many attempts were needed?
- 925 successes
- Over 1424 attempts
-
As of Nov 2017, how many failed eradications on islands were there and over how many attempts?
- 140 failed
- Over 179 attempts
-
What are the two possible figures of success rate of island eradications?
- 88% (excluding attempt number)
- 58% (if you include number of attempts)
-
What percentage of eradication attempts do rodents, ungulates and lagomorphs account for?
89%
-
What percentage of eradication attempts do non-mammal species account for?
3%
-
In New Zealand on North Island, what are four invasive species and what order should you control them in?
- Stoats, black rats, house mice, brushtailed possums
- 1. Take out stoats as they have no significant effect on the others
- 2. Take out remaining 3 simultaneously to avoid adverse population changes
- --> Possum removal leads to increase in rats
- --> Possum AND rat removal leads to increase in mice
-
On which island are house mice 50% larger than anywhere else in the world? How many chicks do they kill a year?
- Gough island
- 600,000 chicks
-
Which island was home to black rats, house mice, rabbits, cats and weka? How big was it? When was it discovered?
- Macquarie Island
- 128km21810
-
When did control of rabbits start on Macquarie Island?
1950s
-
When did control of cats start on Macquarie Island?
- 1975
- Fully funded eradication in 1996
- ⇒ last cat killed 2000
-
What control of rabbits was implemented on Macquarie Island?
- Viral Haemorrhagic Disease released in 2011
- ⇒ 80-90% population reduction
-Aerial baiting - 240 tonnes bait dropped
- Hunting phase (Aug 2011 to Apr 2012)
- -search dogs found last 13 (expected 150)
-
How many attempts of eradications have there been in Europe? How many species?
- 15 attempts of 7 species
- (11 successful, 3 failed and 1 ongoing)
-
What is an example of mammal eradication in the UK and when was it?
- Coypu in the 80's
- 30,000 animals removed from East Anglia
-
What factor in control decreases with increased control area?
- Cost per unit area
- (eg. because there's a bigger edge to centre ratio which reduces impacts of immigration)
-
How much is estimated as the cost of worldwide conservation a year?
(US) $21.5 BILLION
-
How much would it cost to eradicate a species covering an area the size of the UK? What percentage is this of global conservation a year?
-
Where was biological control of cats used?
Marion Island
-
How do gene drives work?
Drive sex ratio in certain direction
- 1st Gene:insert gene involved in teste development originally found on Y chromosome on a NON-sex chromosome ⇒ XX females inherit it and develop male
- 2nd Gene:
- Distorts transmission of gene by linking with halotype genes which have inheritance of 90% (instead of normal 50%)
-
What were the results of Jones et al. 2016 which considered 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands?
- - recovery of 115 resident species
- - 67 native species recolonise their island without human help
- - reintroduction of 90 species
- - 34 species colonise that weren't there previously
-
Based on a questionnaire survey by Moore et al. 1999, what was the annual cost of badgers in England and Wales?
- £41.5 million
- -mostly in the South West
- -10-45% reported burrowing
- -10-20% reported crop damage
- -<10% reported lamb predation
-
In Moore et al. 1999, how much damage was down to burrowing?
60%
-
Based on study by Litchenfield et al. 2015, what was the reduction in attacks when fortified bomas are used?
92%
-
What were the total savings from bomas if they last 10 years in the study by Litchenfield et al. 2015?
- $121860
- (Based on $125 per boma - 44 used. Loss of $448 per attack costing $20832 in total)
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